Following the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union at the end of January 2020, there has been speculation about the possibility of the United Kingdom rejoining the organization.[1]
Polling organisations have conducted surveys to gauge public opinion on rejoining the organisation.
Support
In September 2023, hundreds of people participated in a march in London campaigning for the United Kingdom to rejoin the EU.[2] Also in September 2023, France and Germany proposed a restructuring of the membership of the EU to allow the UK to rejoin as an associate member, rather than a full member.[3]
Opposition
In September 2023 Keir Starmer, leader of the Labour Party, ruled out the possibility of the UK rejoining the EU.[2]
Opinion polling
Graphical summary
The chart below shows opinion polls conducted about whether the United Kingdom should rejoin the European Union. The trend lines are local regressions (LOESS).
National polls
Polling of British voters on whether the United Kingdom should rejoin the European Union. Polling includes only those that explicitly ask how the responder would vote in a hypothetical referendum on the United Kingdom rejoining the European Union, rather than repeating the remain/leave question of the 2016 referendum.
Dates conducted |
Pollster | Client | Sample size |
Rejoin | Stay out | Neither | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12–15 Jan 2024 | Deltapoll | N/A | 2,136 | 46% | 38% | 15% | 8% |
11–12 Jan 2024 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,161 | 50% | 33% | 17% | 17% |
4–5 Jan 2024 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,226 | 48% | 32% | 20% | 16% |
2–3 Jan 2024 | YouGov | N/A | 2,016 | 51% | 36% | 13% | 15% |
28–30 Dec 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,181 | 49% | 33% | 18% | 16% |
22–29 Dec 2023 | Deltapoll | Daily Mirror | 1,642 | 47% | 39% | 14% | 8% |
20–22 Dec 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,177 | 48% | 34% | 18% | 14% |
14–15 Dec 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,065 | 46% | 34% | 20% | 12% |
10–11 Dec 2023 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 2,000 | 52% | 40% | 8% | 12% |
8–11 Dec 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,005 | 44% | 41% | 15% | 3% |
7–8 Dec 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,201 | 46% | 34% | 20% | 12% |
1–4 Dec 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,000 | 45% | 40% | 15% | 5% |
30 Nov – 1 Dec 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,123 | 46% | 31% | 23% | 15% |
28–30 Nov 2023 | BMG Research | The i | 1,502 | 42% | 43% | 15% | 1% |
24–27 Nov 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,996 | 48% | 36% | 15% | 12% |
23–24 Nov 2023 | We Think | N/A | 1,119 | 50% | 33% | 17% | 17% |
16–20 Nov 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,565 | 46% | 37% | 17% | 9% |
16–17 Nov 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,150 | 47% | 34% | 19% | 13% |
10–13 Nov 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,840 | 48% | 37% | 15% | 11% |
9–10 Nov 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,147 | 49% | 33% | 18% | 16% |
3–6 Nov 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,021 | 48% | 38% | 14% | 10% |
2–3 Nov 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,155 | 49% | 32% | 19% | 17% |
27–30 Oct 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,546 | 46% | 36% | 18% | 10% |
26–27 Oct 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,189 | 45% | 35% | 20% | 10% |
21 Oct 2023 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 2,000 | 55% | 38% | 8% | 17% |
19–20 Oct 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,185 | 48% | 33% | 19% | 15% |
19–20 Oct 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,036 | 49% | 39% | 11% | 10% |
13–16 Oct 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,568 | 46% | 37% | 17% | 9% |
12–13 Oct 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,198 | 52% | 30% | 18% | 22% |
11–12 Oct 2023 | BMG Research | The i | 1,591 | 44% | 41% | 16% | 3% |
5–6 Oct 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,261 | 46% | 33% | 21% | 13% |
5–6 Oct 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,517 | 46% | 39% | 14% | 7% |
4–5 Oct 2023 | BMG Research | The i | 1,502 | 44% | 40% | 16% | 4% |
29 Sep – 2 Oct 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,516 | 49% | 38% | 13% | 11% |
28–29 Sep 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,285 | 48% | 36% | 17% | 12% |
22–25 Sep 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,507 | 48% | 36% | 16% | 12% |
21–22 Sep 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,313 | 48% | 31% | 22% | 17% |
14–15 Sep 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,268 | 50% | 31% | 18% | 19% |
11–15 Sep 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 2,039 | 49% | 38% | 12% | 11% |
7–8 Sep 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,268 | 47% | 32% | 20% | 15% |
24–25 Aug 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,061 | 48% | 35% | 17% | 13% |
22–23 Aug 2023 | BMG Research | The i | 1,562 | 47% | 39% | 14% | 8% |
22–23 Aug 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,356 | 48% | 31% | 21% | 17% |
19–20 Aug 2023 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 2,000 | 57% | 35% | 8% | 22% |
17–21 Aug 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,520 | 46% | 34% | 21% | 12% |
17–18 Aug 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,315 | 48% | 31% | 21% | 17% |
10–11 Aug 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,345 | 50% | 30% | 20% | 20% |
9–11 Aug 2023 | Deltapoll | Mail on Sunday | 1,504 | 48% | 34% | 17% | 14% |
8–9 Aug 2023 | YouGov | N/A | 2,101 | 50% | 30% | 20% | 20% |
4–7 Aug 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,023 | 50% | 35% | 15% | 15% |
3–4 Aug 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,420 | 48% | 31% | 20% | 17% |
27–28 Jul 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,339 | 50% | 31% | 19% | 19% |
20–21 Jul 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,380 | 48% | 32% | 20% | 16% |
19–20 Jul 2023 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 2,069 | 49% | 33% | 18% | 16% |
14–17 Jul 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,000 | 48% | 38% | 15% | 10% |
13–14 Jul 2023 | YouGov | N/A | 2,151 | 51% | 31% | 18% | 20% |
13–14 Jul 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,312 | 48% | 34% | 18% | 14% |
6–7 Jul 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,312 | 49% | 32% | 19% | 17% |
29–30 Jun 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,351 | 47% | 32% | 22% | 15% |
27–29 Jun 2023 | BMG Research | The i | 1,500 | 45% | 40% | 15% | 5% |
25–26 Jun 2023 | BMG Research | The i | 1,524 | 46% | 39% | 15% | 7% |
22–23 Jun 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,336 | 50% | 31% | 20% | 19% |
16–19 Jun 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,554 | 47% | 37% | 15% | 10% |
15–16 Jun 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,306 | 47% | 31% | 21% | 16% |
8–9 Jun 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,296 | 47% | 32% | 20% | 15% |
1–2 Jun 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,351 | 49% | 31% | 20% | 18% |
30–31 May 2023 | BMG Research | The i | 1,529 | 49% | 36% | 14% | 13% |
26–27 May 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,361 | 47% | 33% | 20% | 14% |
19–22 May 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,575 | 48% | 38% | 14% | 10% |
17–18 May 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,361 | 47% | 33% | 20% | 14% |
12–15 May 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,511 | 46% | 39% | 15% | 7% |
12–13 May 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,355 | 47% | 33% | 9% | 14% |
5–9 May 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,550 | 48% | 38% | 14% | 10% |
4–5 May 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,210 | 50% | 30% | 20% | 20% |
3–4 May 2023 | BMG Research | The i | 1,534 | 45% | 38% | 16% | 7% |
28 Apr – 2 May 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,561 | 46% | 37% | 18% | 9% |
26–27 Apr 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,193 | 48% | 31% | 20% | 17% |
24–26 Apr 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,576 | 48% | 37% | 16% | 11% |
19–20 Apr 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,318 | 49% | 31% | 21% | 18% |
18 Apr 2023 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 2,000 | 56% | 37% | 7% | 19% |
13–17 Apr 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,567 | 48% | 38% | 14% | 10% |
12–13 Apr 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,204 | 46% | 35% | 19% | 11% |
5–6 Apr 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,204 | 46% | 34% | 20% | 12% |
31 Mar – 3 Apr 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,587 | 48% | 38% | 14% | 10% |
28–29 Mar 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,344 | 49% | 32% | 19% | 17% |
24–27 Mar 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,344 | 42% | 41% | 17% | 1% |
22–23 Mar 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,382 | 48% | 33% | 19% | 15% |
17–20 Mar 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,054 | 47% | 39% | 14% | 8% |
15–16 Mar 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,126 | 48% | 32% | 20% | 16% |
15–16 Mar 2023 | BMG Research | The i | 1,546 | 45% | 40% | 14% | 5% |
10–13 Mar 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,561 | 48% | 38% | 13% | 10% |
8–9 Mar 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,323 | 52% | 30% | 18% | 22% |
2–6 Mar 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,063 | 51% | 37% | 12% | 14% |
1–2 Mar 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,284 | 47% | 32% | 22% | 15% |
24–27 Feb 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,060 | 48% | 38% | 13% | 10% |
22–23 Feb 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,248 | 43% | 35% | 21% | 8% |
21–23 Feb 2023 | BMG Research | The i | 1,500 | 45% | 41% | 14% | 4% |
20 Feb 2023 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 2,000 | 56% | 36% | 8% | 20% |
17–20 Feb 2023 | Deltapoll | N/A | 1,079 | 50% | 38% | 12% | 12% |
15–16 Feb 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,204 | 49% | 33% | 18% | 16% |
9–10 Feb 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,234 | 45% | 32% | 23% | 13% |
2–3 Feb 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,255 | 49% | 30% | 21% | 19% |
26–27 Jan 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,257 | 49% | 29% | 22% | 20% |
24–26 Jan 2023 | BMG Research | The i | 1,502 | 43% | 41% | 17% | 2% |
19–20 Jan 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,217 | 47% | 31% | 22% | 16% |
11–12 Jan 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,247 | 44% | 31% | 25% | 13% |
5–6 Jan 2023 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,285 | 49% | 30% | 21% | 19% |
21–22 Dec 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,243 | 45% | 32% | 23% | 13% |
15–16 Dec 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,216 | 45% | 32% | 23% | 13% |
14–15 Dec 2022 | YouGov | The Times | 1,690 | 47% | 34% | 18% | 13% |
8–9 Dec 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,294 | 44% | 34% | 22% | 10% |
7–8 Dec 2022 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 2,000 | 52% | 41% | 7% | 11% |
1–2 Dec 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,172 | 45% | 33% | 22% | 12% |
29 Nov – 1 Dec 2022 | BMG Research | The i | 1,571 | 45% | 41% | 14% | 4% |
23–24 Nov 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,172 | 49% | 37% | 14% | 12% |
17–18 Nov 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,159 | 53% | 34% | 14% | 19% |
14–15 Nov 2022 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,689 | 48% | 33% | 18% | 15% |
10–11 Nov 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,181 | 48% | 37% | 16% | 11% |
3–4 Nov 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,352 | 48% | 35% | 17% | 13% |
27–28 Oct 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,568 | 51% | 35% | 14% | 16% |
24–26 Oct 2022 | BMG Research | The i | 1,353 | 44% | 40% | 14% | 4% |
21–22 Oct 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,353 | 50% | 32% | 18% | 18% |
20 Oct 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,382 | 49% | 37% | 13% | 12% |
19 Oct 2022 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 1,500 | 52% | 39% | 8% | 13% |
13–14 Oct 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,403 | 51% | 35% | 14% | 16% |
6–7 Oct 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,328 | 47% | 33% | 20% | 14% |
29–30 Sep 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,320 | 42% | 36% | 22% | 6% |
23–26 Sep 2022 | Omnisis | N/A | 1,307 | 49% | 31% | 19% | 18% |
20–21 Sep 2022 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,704 | 46% | 36% | 19% | 10% |
19 Aug 2022 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 1,500 | 49% | 42% | 9% | 7% |
4–5 Aug 2022 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,669 | 45% | 37% | 19% | 8% |
10–11 Jul 2022 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,684 | 45% | 38% | 17% | 7% |
19–20 Jun 2022 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 2,000 | 48% | 43% | 9% | 5% |
9–10 Jun 2022 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,739 | 45% | 36% | 20% | 9% |
16–17 May 2022 | YouGov | N/A | 1,669 | 41% | 38% | 21% | 3% |
19 Apr 2022 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 2,000 | 45% | 47% | 8% | 2% |
13–14 Apr 2022 | Deltapoll | Mail on Sunday | 1,550 | 47% | 40% | 14% | 7% |
9–11 Apr 2022 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,915 | 43% | 38% | 19% | 5% |
16–17 Mar 2022 | YouGov | N/A | 1,761 | 43% | 35% | 22% | 8% |
20 Feb 2022 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 2,000 | 41% | 50% | 9% | 9% |
10–11 Feb 2022 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,720 | 44% | 36% | 19% | 8% |
17–18 Jan 2022 | YouGov | N/A | 1,695 | 42% | 39% | 19% | 3% |
23 Dec 2021 | Opinium | The Observer | 1,904 | 41% | 42% | 17% | 1% |
13 Dec 2021 | Kantar | N/A | 1,074 | 36% | 33% | 30% | 3% |
10–12 Dec 2021 | Savanta ComRes | The Independent | 2,096 | 44% | 43% | 10% | 1% |
2–3 Dec 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,703 | 45% | 37% | 18% | 8% |
22 Nov 2021 | Kantar | N/A | 1,119 | 34% | 32% | 34% | 2% |
16–17 Nov 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,712 | 44% | 39% | 16% | 5% |
9 Nov 2021 | Redfield & Wilton Strategies | UK in a Changing Europe | 1,500 | 44% | 50% | 6% | 6% |
5–7 Nov 2021 | ComRes | N/A | 1,687 | 48% | 41% | 12% | 7% |
12–13 Oct 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,659 | 41% | 37% | 22% | 4% |
15–16 Sep 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,635 | 41% | 39% | 21% | 2% |
12–13 Aug 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,767 | 41% | 41% | 18% | Tie |
20–21 Jul 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,767 | 39% | 41% | 20% | 2% |
22–23 Jun 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,711 | 39% | 41% | 20% | 2% |
18–20 Jun 2021 | ComRes | N/A | 2,191 | 42% | 42% | 16% | Tie |
24–25 May 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,622 | 39% | 44% | 17% | 5% |
22–26 Apr 2021 | Kantar | N/A | 1,115 | 31% | 37% | 32% | 6% |
21–22 Apr 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,730 | 38% | 43% | 19% | 5% |
16–19 Mar 2021 | BMG Research | The Independent | 1,498 | 43% | 49% | 8% | 6% |
15–16 Mar 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,672 | 40% | 41% | 18% | 1% |
18–22 Feb 2021 | Kantar | N/A | 1,114 | 33% | 33% | 35% | Tie |
16–17 Feb 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,697 | 39% | 41% | 20% | 2% |
21–25 Jan 2021 | Kantar | N/A | 1,100 | 34% | 37% | 29% | 3% |
19–25 Jan 2021 | YouGov | The Times | 3,312 | 42% | 40% | 18% | 2% |
18–19 Jan 2021 | YouGov | Eurotrack | 1,697 | 42% | 40% | 18% | 2% |
10–14 Dec 2020 | Kantar | N/A | 1,137 | 32% | 34% | 34% | 2% |
5–9 Nov 2020 | Kantar | N/A | 1,141 | 37% | 33% | 30% | 4% |
17–21 Sep 2020 | Kantar | N/A | 1,125 | 31% | 38% | 31% | 7% |
10–11 Aug 2020 | YouGov | N/A | 1,595 | 43% | 39% | 18% | 4% |
6–10 Aug 2020 | Kantar | N/A | 1,161 | 37% | 33% | 30% | 4% |
2–26 Jul 2020 | NatCen | The UK in a Changing Europe | 2,413 | 47% | 39% | 14% | 8% |
9–13 Jul 2020 | Kantar | N/A | 1,131 | 33% | 39% | 28% | 6% |
21–22 May 2020 | YouGov | Handelsblatt | 1,669 | 42% | 41% | 18% | 1% |
7–9 Apr 2020 | BMG Research | The Independent | 1,371 | 43% | 47% | 10% | 4% |
24–26 Mar 2020 | Number Cruncher Politics | Bloomberg | 1,010 | 38% | 47% | 14% | 9% |
3–6 Mar 2020 | BMG Research | The Independent | 1,337 | 40% | 48% | 12% | 8% |
4–7 Feb 2020 | BMG Research | The Independent | 1,503 | 42% | 46% | 12% | 4% |
4–5 Feb 2020 | YouGov | Handelsblatt | 1,578 | 42% | 40% | 20% | 2% |
Specialist opinion polling
Young voters
Starting in April 2023, Savanta – commissioned by Peston, ITV's flagship political discussion programme – conducts polls of young people aged 18 to 25 on a range of issues, including their views on the UK rejoining the European Union.[4]
Dates conducted |
Pollster | Client | Sample size |
Join the EU | Stay out | Neither | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
22–26 Sep 2023 | Savanta | Peston | 1,021 | 66% | 15% | 18% | 51% |
28 Apr – 3 May 2023 | Savanta | Peston | 1,021 | 77% | 13% | 11% | 64% |
Holding a referendum
In January 2023, Savanta published a poll of 2,065 British adults, which included a question regarding support for a referendum on the UK rejoining the EU. A combined total of 65% were in favor of such a referendum now or at some point in the future and 24% were opposed to such a referendum.[5]
Question: When do you think, if at all, there should next be a referendum on whether or not the UK should re-join or stay out of the European Union?
Now | 22% |
In the next five years | 24% |
In the next 6–10 years | 11% |
In the next 11–20 years | 4% |
In more than 20 years time | 4% |
Never | 24% |
Don't know | 11% |
In the European Union
Fifth anniversary polling
In 2021, for the fifth anniversary of the UK's EU membership referendum, Euronews commissioned an opinion poll conducted by Redfield & Wilton Strategies of attitudes to the European Union and Brexit in the EU's four largest countries. Redfield & Wilton polled 1,500 people in each member-state between the 6th and 7th of June 2021. The poll included the following question about how responders would feel about the UK re-joining the EU:[6]
Member states | Support | Oppose | Neither | Don't know |
---|---|---|---|---|
France | 36% | 18% | 34% | 12% |
Germany | 40% | 19% | 30% | 11% |
Italy | 43% | 14% | 34% | 8% |
Spain | 46% | 16% | 31% | 7% |
Polling on a Franco-German four-tier EU Structure
Following reports in 2023 of a Franco-German proposal for a four-tiered EU structure, YouGov Eurotrack conducted polling in several EU Member States. This polling included attitudes towards further EU enlargement. People from Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden were asked;
Member states |
Sample size |
UK should be allowed to join |
UK should not be allowed to join |
Don't know | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
France | 1,026 | 46% | 30% | 24% | 16% |
Germany | 2,457 | 60% | 22% | 17% | 38% |
Denmark | 1,008 | 68% | 13% | 19% | 55% |
Sweden | 1,008 | 70% | 10% | 20% | 60% |
Spain | 1,056 | 49% | 30% | 21% | 19% |
Italy | 1,022 | 48% | 29% | 27% | 19% |
Fieldwork was conducted between the 6th and 26th of October 2023.[7]
See also
References
- ↑ Stone, Jon (22 June 2023). "Brexit: This is how Britain could actually rejoin the EU". The Independent. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
- 1 2 Sykes, Selena (23 September 2023). "Pro-EU supporters march for Britain to rejoin the European Union". France24. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
- ↑ Barnes, Joe (19 September 2023). "Britain touted as future 'associate member' of EU". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
- ↑ https://savanta.com/knowledge-centre/published-polls/youth-political-tracker-itv-peston-itv-news-3-may-2023/
- ↑ "Brexit Poll – Independent – 1 January 2023 - Savanta". savanta.com. 1 January 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
- ↑ Tidey, Alice (23 June 2021). "Brexit 5 years on: 'We would have you back,' says Europe, in new poll". Euronews. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ↑ "Western Europeans support Franco-German four-tier Europe structure | YouGov". yougov.co.uk. Retrieved 8 December 2023.