rugir

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin rugīre (“roar”). First attested in the 19th century..[1]

Pronunciation

Verb

rugir (first-person singular present rugeixo, first-person singular preterite rugí, past participle rugit)

  1. (intransitive) to roar

Conjugation
    Conjugation of rugir (third conjugation, with -eix-)
infinitive rugir
gerund rugint
past participle masculine feminine
singular rugit rugida
plural rugits rugides
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative jo tu ell/ella
vostè		 nosaltres
nós		 vosaltres
vós		 ells/elles
vostès
present rugeixo rugeixes rugeix rugim rugiu rugeixen
imperfect rugia rugies rugia rugíem rugíeu rugien
future rugiré rugiràs rugirà rugirem rugireu rugiran
preterite rugí rugires rugí rugírem rugíreu rugiren
conditional rugiria rugiries rugiria rugiríem rugiríeu rugirien
subjunctive jo tu ell/ella
vostè		 nosaltres
nós		 vosaltres
vós		 ells/elles
vostès
present rugeixi rugeixis rugeixi rugim rugiu rugeixin
imperfect rugís rugissis rugís rugíssim rugíssiu rugissin
imperative — tu vostè nosaltres vosaltres
vós		 vostès
affirmative — rugeix rugeixi rugim rugiu rugeixin
negative (no) — no rugeixis no rugeixi no rugim no rugiu no rugeixin

References
  1. “rugir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024

Further reading

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin rugīre (“roar”). Cf. Old French ruir, a more gallicized variant. See also rut.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ʁy.ʒiʁ/
  • Audio(file)

Verb

rugir

  1. to roar

Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of rugir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple rugir
compound avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple rugissant
/ʁy.ʒi.sɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
past participle rugi
/ʁy.ʒi/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses)		 present rugis
/ʁy.ʒi/		 rugis
/ʁy.ʒi/		 rugit
/ʁy.ʒi/		 rugissons
/ʁy.ʒi.sɔ̃/		 rugissez
/ʁy.ʒi.se/		 rugissent
/ʁy.ʒis/
imperfect rugissais
/ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/		 rugissais
/ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/		 rugissait
/ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/		 rugissions
/ʁy.ʒi.sjɔ̃/		 rugissiez
/ʁy.ʒi.sje/		 rugissaient
/ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/
past historic2 rugis
/ʁy.ʒi/		 rugis
/ʁy.ʒi/		 rugit
/ʁy.ʒi/		 rugîmes
/ʁy.ʒim/		 rugîtes
/ʁy.ʒit/		 rugirent
/ʁy.ʒiʁ/
future rugirai
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁe/		 rugiras
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁa/		 rugira
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁa/		 rugirons
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/		 rugirez
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁe/		 rugiront
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/
conditional rugirais
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/		 rugirais
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/		 rugirait
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/		 rugirions
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁjɔ̃/		 rugiriez
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁje/		 rugiraient
/ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/
(compound
tenses)		 present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses)		 present rugisse
/ʁy.ʒis/		 rugisses
/ʁy.ʒis/		 rugisse
/ʁy.ʒis/		 rugissions
/ʁy.ʒi.sjɔ̃/		 rugissiez
/ʁy.ʒi.sje/		 rugissent
/ʁy.ʒis/
imperfect2 rugisse
/ʁy.ʒis/		 rugisses
/ʁy.ʒis/		 rugît
/ʁy.ʒi/		 rugissions
/ʁy.ʒi.sjɔ̃/		 rugissiez
/ʁy.ʒi.sje/		 rugissent
/ʁy.ʒis/
(compound
tenses)		 past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — rugis
/ʁy.ʒi/		 — rugissons
/ʁy.ʒi.sɔ̃/		 rugissez
/ʁy.ʒi.se/		 —
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
  • past historic → present perfect
  • past anterior → pluperfect
  • imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
  • pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Derived terms

Further reading

Portuguese

Etymology

Probably borrowed from Latin rugīre (“to roar”).

Pronunciation
 
  • (Brazil) IPA(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ʁ)/ [huˈʒi(h)]
    • (São Paulo) IPA(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ɾ)/ [huˈʒi(ɾ)]
    • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ʁ)/ [χuˈʒi(χ)]
    • (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ɻ)/ [huˈʒi(ɻ)]
 
  • (Portugal) IPA(key): /ʁuˈʒiɾ/
    • (Southern Portugal) IPA(key): /ʁuˈʒi.ɾi/

Verb

rugir (first-person singular present rujo, first-person singular preterite rugi, past participle rugido)

  1. to roar (to make a loud, deep cry)

Conjugation
    Conjugation of rugir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu)		 Second-person
(tu)		 Third-person
(ele / ela / você)		 First-person
(nós)		 Second-person
(vós)		 Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal rugir
Personal rugir rugires rugir rugirmos rugirdes rugirem
Gerund
rugindo
Past participle
Masculine rugido rugidos
Feminine rugida rugidas
Indicative
Present rujo ruges ruge rugimos rugis rugem
Imperfect rugia rugias rugia rugíamos rugíeis rugiam
Preterite rugi rugiste rugiu rugimos rugistes rugiram
Pluperfect rugira rugiras rugira rugíramos rugíreis rugiram
Future rugirei rugirás rugirá rugiremos rugireis rugirão
Conditional rugiria rugirias rugiria rugiríamos rugiríeis rugiriam
Subjunctive
Present ruja rujas ruja rujamos rujais rujam
Imperfect rugisse rugisses rugisse rugíssemos rugísseis rugissem
Future rugir rugires rugir rugirmos rugirdes rugirem
Imperative
Affirmative ruge ruja rujamos rugi rujam
Negative (não) não rujas não ruja não rujamos não rujais não rujam

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin rugīre (“roar”). Compare the inherited Old Spanish (and Ladino) ruir; cf. also the related ruido.[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ruˈxiɾ/ [ruˈxiɾ]
  • Rhymes: -iɾ
  • Syllabification: ru‧gir

Verb

rugir (first-person singular present rujo, first-person singular preterite rugí, past participle rugido)

  1. to roar
  2. to bellow
  3. to rumble

Conjugation
    Conjugation of rugir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
infinitive rugir
gerund rugiendo
past participle masculine feminine
singular rugido rugida
plural rugidos rugidas
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative yo tú
vos		 él/ella/ello
usted		 nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ellos/ellas
ustedes
present rujo rugestú
rugísvos		 ruge rugimos rugís rugen
imperfect rugía rugías rugía rugíamos rugíais rugían
preterite rugí rugiste rugió rugimos rugisteis rugieron
future rugiré rugirás rugirá rugiremos rugiréis rugirán
conditional rugiría rugirías rugiría rugiríamos rugiríais rugirían
subjunctive yo tú
vos		 él/ella/ello
usted		 nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ellos/ellas
ustedes
present ruja rujastú
rujásvos2		 ruja rujamos rujáis rujan
imperfect
(ra)		 rugiera rugieras rugiera rugiéramos rugierais rugieran
imperfect
(se)		 rugiese rugieses rugiese rugiésemos rugieseis rugiesen
future1 rugiere rugieres rugiere rugiéremos rugiereis rugieren
imperative — tú
vos		 usted nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ustedes
affirmative rugetú
rugívos		 ruja rujamos rugid rujan
negative no rujas no ruja no rujamos no rujáis no rujan

1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of rugir (g-j alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
with infinitive rugir
dative rugirme rugirte rugirle, rugirse rugirnos rugiros rugirles, rugirse
accusative rugirme rugirte rugirlo, rugirla, rugirse rugirnos rugiros rugirlos, rugirlas, rugirse
with gerund rugiendo
dative rugiéndome rugiéndote rugiéndole, rugiéndose rugiéndonos rugiéndoos rugiéndoles, rugiéndose
accusative rugiéndome rugiéndote rugiéndolo, rugiéndola, rugiéndose rugiéndonos rugiéndoos rugiéndolos, rugiéndolas, rugiéndose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative ruge
dative rúgeme rúgete rúgele rúgenos not used rúgeles
accusative rúgeme rúgete rúgelo, rúgela rúgenos not used rúgelos, rúgelas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative rugí
dative rugime rugite rugile ruginos not used rugiles
accusative rugime rugite rugilo, rugila ruginos not used rugilos, rugilas
with formal second-person singular imperative ruja
dative rújame not used rújale, rújase rújanos not used rújales
accusative rújame not used rújalo, rújala, rújase rújanos not used rújalos, rújalas
with first-person plural imperative rujamos
dative not used rujámoste rujámosle rujámonos rujámoos rujámosles
accusative not used rujámoste rujámoslo, rujámosla rujámonos rujámoos rujámoslos, rujámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative rugid
dative rugidme not used rugidle rugidnos rugíos rugidles
accusative rugidme not used rugidlo, rugidla rugidnos rugíos rugidlos, rugidlas
with formal second-person plural imperative rujan
dative rújanme not used rújanle rújannos not used rújanles, rújanse
accusative rújanme not used rújanlo, rújanla rújannos not used rújanlos, rújanlas, rújanse

References
  1. Joan Coromines, José A. Pascual (1983–1991) Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

Further reading
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