parenthesis

Learned borrowing from Late Latin parenthesis (“addition of a letter to a syllable in a word”), itself borrowed from Ancient Greek παρένθεσις (parénthesis).

• IPA^(key): /pəˈɹɛnθəsɪs/

• Audio (US)

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parenthesis (countable and uncountable, plural parentheses)

1. A clause, phrase or word which is inserted (usually for explanation or amplification) into a passage which is already grammatically complete, and usually marked off with brackets, commas or dashes.
2. Either of a pair of brackets, especially round brackets, ( and ) (used to enclose parenthetical material in a text).
   • 1824, John Johnson, Typographia, Or the Printer's Instructor, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green:

     There be five manner of points and divisions most used among cunning men; the which if they be well used, make the sentence very light and easy to be understood, both to the reader and hearer: and they be these, virgil,—come,—parenthesis,—plain point,—interrogative […] it is a slender stroke leaning forward, betokening a little short rest, without any perfectness yet of sentence.

   • 1842, F. Francillon, An Essay on Punctuation‎, page 9:

     Whoever introduced the several points, it seems that a full-point, a point called come, answering to our colon-point, a point called virgil answering to our comma-point, the parenthesis-points and interrogative-point, were used at the close of the fourteenth, or beginning of the fifteenth century.

   • 2018, James Lambert, “Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles”, in World Englishes, volume 37, page 255:

     [T]he present research also made an effort to approach a greater accuracy in presenting the original sources of borrowed words. This was achieved by presenting etymons from Hindustani in the Devanagari script followed by a transliteration in the Roman alphabet in parentheses.

3. (rhetoric) A digression; the use of such digressions.
   • 1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XV, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 113:

     Mr. Trevanion was one of those talkers, who are too much engrossed with their own subject matter to have much attention to bestow elsewhere; with them silence is attention. Ethel's wandering eye, and lip, tremulous with its effort to speak, would never have attracted his notice. To his utter astonishment, she interrupted a parenthesis, as brilliant as the rocket which it depicted, by saying,—
     "Mr. Trevanion, I do not know what you will think of my boldness, but I must speak to you."

   • 2009, Up in the Air:

     Ryan Bingham (George Clooney): I thought I was a part of your life.
     Alex Goran (Vera Farmiga): I thought we signed up for the same thing […] I thought our relationship was perfectly clear. You are an escape. You're a break from our normal lives. You're a parenthesis.
     Ryan Bingham (George Clooney): I'm a parenthesis?

4. (mathematics, logic) Such brackets as used to clarify expressions by grouping those terms affected by a common operator, or to enclose the components of a vector or the elements of a matrix.

• (clause, phrase or word): parenthetical expression
• (brackets): round bracket; parenthesis-point (obsolete)
• paren (abbreviation, for the meaning "round bracket")
• See also Thesaurus:bracket

• parenthesis-point
• parenthetic, parenthetical
• parenthesise, parenthesize
• triple parentheses
• parentheme

• hen's parties, interphases, preanthesis