estre

See also: -estre

English

Etymology

From Old French estre (“state, plan”).

Noun

estre (plural estres)

(archaic or obsolete) The indoor layout or plan of a castle.
- 1954, C. S. Lewis, chapter 15, in The Horse and His Boy, page 239:
  "And tomorrow, Cor," he added, "shalt come over all the castle with me and see the estres and mark all its strength and weakness: for it will be thine to guard when I'm gone."

References

“estre”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

Anagrams

Ester, Reset, Steer, Trees, ester, re-est., reest, reset, retes, seter, steer, stere, teers, teres, terse, trees

Franco-Provençal

Verb

estre

Archaic form of étre.

Conjugation

Old Francoprovençal (Lyonnais, 13th and 14th centuries)

		singular			plural
infinitive			estre or esser
gerund			estant
auxiliary			estre or aveir
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		está		está(e)
		plural		estás		está(e)s
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		jo (j')	tu	el, illi	nos	vos	il, elles
	present	soi, sui	es, esses	est	sumos, esmos, emos	estes	sont, sunt
	imperfect	ero	eres	ere, eret	eram, estiam	eraz, estiaz	erant, eirant, eront, erunt, estiant, estiont
	preterite	fui	fus	fu, fut	fumos	fustes	furont, fuiront, fueront
	future	serei	serés	sera, ert, iert	serem	sereiz	serant
conditional
	present	serin, serim	seriés	serit, serie	seriam	seriaz	seriant, seriont, sariont, furant
	past	*furo	*fures	furet, *fure	*furams	furaz, furás	furant

subjunctive		jo (j')	tu	el, illi	nos	vos	il, elles
	present	seio	seies	seit	seiam	seiez, seiz	seiant, siant
	imperfect	fusso	fusses	fust	fussaim, fussam	fusseiz, fussiz	fussant
	inchoative imperfect	fuso	fuses	fust	fusam	fuseiz	fusant, fusiant, furant

imperative		—	te	—	nos	vos	—
			seies		seiem	seiz

French

Alternative forms

eſtre

Verb

estre

Archaic spelling of être.

Conjugation

Conjugation of estre (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	compound	avoir + past participle
infinitive	simple	estre
present participle or gerund¹	simple	estant /e.tɑ̃/
present participle or gerund¹	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		esté /e.te/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	suis /sɥi/	es /ɛ/	est /ɛ/	sommes /sɔm/	estes /ɛt/	sont /sɔ̃/
	imperfect	estois /e.tɛ/	estois /e.tɛ/	estoit /e.tɛ/	estions /e.tjɔ̃/	estiez /e.tje/	estoient /e.tɛ/
	past historic²	fus /fy/	fus /fy/	fut /fy/	fumes /fym/	fustes /fyt/	furent /fyʁ/
	future	seroi /sə.ʁe/	seras /sə.ʁa/	sera /sə.ʁa/	serons /sə.ʁɔ̃/	serez /sə.ʁe/	seront /sə.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	serois /sə.ʁɛ/	serois /sə.ʁɛ/	seroit /sə.ʁɛ/	serions /sə.ʁjɔ̃/	seriez /sə.ʁje/	seroient /sə.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior²	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	sois /swa/	sois /swa/	soit /swa/	soyons /swa.jɔ̃/	soyez /swa.je/	soient /swa/
(simple tenses)	imperfect²	fusse /fys/	fusses /fys/	fust /fy/	fussions /fy.sjɔ̃/	fussiez /fy.sje/	fussent /fys/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
(compound tenses)	pluperfect²	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	~~nous~~	~~vous~~	–
simple		—	sois /swa/	—	soyons /swa.jɔ̃/	soyez /swa.je/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
¹ The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
² In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Anagrams

ester, êtres, reste, resté, stère, stéré, terse, tersé

Galician

Verb

estre

inflection of estrar:
1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
2. third-person singular imperative

Hungarian

Etymology

est +‎ -re

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈɛʃtrɛ]
Hyphenation: est‧re

Noun

estre

sublative singular of est

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French estre.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɛːtɾə/

Verb

estre

to be

Conjugation

Like Modern French être, highly irregular.
Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.

Conjugation of estre

infinitive	compound	avoir + past participle
infinitive	simple	estre
present participle¹ or gerund²	simple	estant
present participle¹ or gerund²	compound	present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle
past participle		esté
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ie (i’)	tu	il, elle	nous	vous	ilz, elles
(simple tenses)	present	suis, suys, sui	es	est	sommes	estes	sont
	imperfect	estois, estoys	estois, estoys	estoit, estoyt	estions	estiez	estoyent, estoient
	past historic	fus	fus	fut	fumes	fustes	furent
	future	seroi	seras	sera	serons	serez	seront
	conditional	serois, seroys	serois, seroys	seroit, seroyt	serions	seriez	seroient, seroyent
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que ie (i’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ilz, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	sois, soys	sois, soys	soit, soyt	soyons	soyez	soyent, soient
(simple tenses)	imperfect	fusse	fusses	fust	fussions	fussiez	fussent
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
(compound tenses)	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	~~nous~~	~~vous~~	–
simple		—	sois, soys	—	soyons	soyez	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
¹ The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679.
² The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180).

Noun

estre m (plural estres)

being (creature, entity)

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:estre.

Descendants

French: être
→ Middle English: estre (“circumstance”)

Old French

FWOTD – 10 July 2013

Etymology

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Classical Latin esse. Unrelated to ester < stāre (“stand”) but progressively blended with it.

Pronunciation

(classical) IPA^(key): /ˈɛstɾə/
(late) IPA^(key): /ˈɛːtɾə/

Verb

estre

to be

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

Conjugation of estre (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)

		simple			compound
infinitive		estre			avoir esté
gerund		en estant			gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle		estant
past participle		esté
person		singular			plural
person		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	il	nos	vos	il
simple tenses	present	sui	es, ies	est	somes, esmes	estes	sont
	imperfect	iere, ere, estoie, esteie	ieres, eres, estoies, esteies	iere, iereṭ, ere, ereṭ, iert, ert, estoit, esteit	eriiens, erions, estiiens, estiens	eriiez, estiiez, estiez	ierent, erent, estoient, esteient
	preterite	fui	fus	fu	fumes	fustes	furent
	future	ier, er, serai, estrai	iers, ers, seras, estras	iert, ert, sera, estra	iermes, ermes, serons, estrons	iertes, ertes, seroiz, sereiz, serez, estroiz, estreiz, estrez	ierent, erent, seront, estront
	conditional	seroie, sereie, estroie, estreie	seroies, sereies, estroies, estreies	seroit, sereit, estroit, estreit	seriiens, seriens, estriiens, estriens	seriiez, seriez, estriiez, estriez	seroient, sereient, estroient, estreient
compound tenses	present perfect	present tense of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	preterite tense of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future tense of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que jo	que tu	qu’il	que nos	que vos	qu’il
simple tenses	present	soie	soies	soit	soiiens, soions	soiiez	soient
simple tenses	imperfect	fusse	fusses	fust	fussons, fussiens	fussoiz, fussez, fussiez	fussent
compound tenses	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
compound tenses	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
imperative		—	soies	—	soiiens, soions	soiiez	—

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:estre.

Descendants

(In many if not all cases blended with ester.)

Bourguignon: étre
Bourbonnais-Berrichon: être
Champenois: ètre
Franc-Comtois: étre
Gallo: ête
Lorrain: être, estre, yestre
Middle French: estre
- French: être
- → Middle English: estre (“circumstance”)
Norman: ête
Picard: ète
Walloon: esse

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