aicher
French
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛ.ʃe/, /e.ʃe/
Audio (file)
Conjugation
Conjugation of aicher (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | aicher | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | aichant /ɛ.ʃɑ̃/ or /e.ʃɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | aiché /ɛ.ʃe/ or /e.ʃe/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | aiche /ɛʃ/ |
aiches /ɛʃ/ |
aiche /ɛʃ/ |
aichons /ɛ.ʃɔ̃/ or /e.ʃɔ̃/ |
aichez /ɛ.ʃe/ or /e.ʃe/ |
aichent /ɛʃ/ |
| imperfect | aichais /ɛ.ʃɛ/ or /e.ʃɛ/ |
aichais /ɛ.ʃɛ/ or /e.ʃɛ/ |
aichait /ɛ.ʃɛ/ or /e.ʃɛ/ |
aichions /ɛ.ʃjɔ̃/ or /e.ʃjɔ̃/ |
aichiez /ɛ.ʃje/ or /e.ʃje/ |
aichaient /ɛ.ʃɛ/ or /e.ʃɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | aichai /ɛ.ʃe/ or /e.ʃe/ |
aichas /ɛ.ʃa/ or /e.ʃa/ |
aicha /ɛ.ʃa/ or /e.ʃa/ |
aichâmes /ɛ.ʃam/ or /e.ʃam/ |
aichâtes /ɛ.ʃat/ or /e.ʃat/ |
aichèrent /ɛ.ʃɛʁ/ or /e.ʃɛʁ/ | |
| future | aicherai /ɛʃ.ʁe/ |
aicheras /ɛʃ.ʁa/ |
aichera /ɛʃ.ʁa/ |
aicherons /ɛʃ.ʁɔ̃/ |
aicherez /ɛʃ.ʁe/ |
aicheront /ɛʃ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | aicherais /ɛʃ.ʁɛ/ |
aicherais /ɛʃ.ʁɛ/ |
aicherait /ɛʃ.ʁɛ/ |
aicherions /ɛ.ʃə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /e.ʃə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
aicheriez /ɛ.ʃə.ʁje/ or /e.ʃə.ʁje/ |
aicheraient /ɛʃ.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | aiche /ɛʃ/ |
aiches /ɛʃ/ |
aiche /ɛʃ/ |
aichions /ɛ.ʃjɔ̃/ or /e.ʃjɔ̃/ |
aichiez /ɛ.ʃje/ or /e.ʃje/ |
aichent /ɛʃ/ |
| imperfect2 | aichasse /ɛ.ʃas/ or /e.ʃas/ |
aichasses /ɛ.ʃas/ or /e.ʃas/ |
aichât /ɛ.ʃa/ or /e.ʃa/ |
aichassions /ɛ.ʃa.sjɔ̃/ or /e.ʃa.sjɔ̃/ |
aichassiez /ɛ.ʃa.sje/ or /e.ʃa.sje/ |
aichassent /ɛ.ʃas/ or /e.ʃas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | aiche /ɛʃ/ |
— | aichons /ɛ.ʃɔ̃/ or /e.ʃɔ̃/ |
aichez /ɛ.ʃe/ or /e.ʃe/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Old Irish
Etymology
Borrowing from Latin ācer, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱrós, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈaxʲer/
Adjective
aicher
- sharp, fierce, (of the wind) bitter
- 9th century, “Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...”
- IS acher ingáith innocht · fufuasna fairggæ findḟolt
ni ágor réimm mora minn · dondláechraid lainn ua lothlind.- Bitter is the wind to-night: it tosses the ocean’s white hair:
I fear not the coursing of a clear sea by the fierce heroes from Lothlend.
- Bitter is the wind to-night: it tosses the ocean’s white hair:
- 9th century, “Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...”
Declension
| o/ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | aicher | aicher | aicher |
| Vocative | aichir* aicher** | ||
| Accusative | aicher | aichir | |
| Genitive | aichir | aichre | aichir |
| Dative | aichiur | aichir | aichiur |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine/neuter | |
| Nominative | aichir | aichrea | |
| Vocative | aichriu aichrea† | ||
| Accusative | aichriu aichrea† | ||
| Genitive | aicher | ||
| Dative | aichrib | ||
| Notes | *modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative | ||
Descendants
- Irish: aichear
Mutation
| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| aicher | unchanged | n-aicher |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “aicher”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Scots
Etymology
From Middle Scots echer, from Northumbrian Old English æhher, from Proto-Germanic *ahaz (“ear (of grain)”). Cognate with English ear.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈexər/
Noun
aicher (plural aichers)
Derived terms
References
- “aicher, n.” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
- “aicher” in Eagle, Andy, editor, The Online Scots Dictionary, 2016.
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