Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/twiʀn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *twiznaz, *twiznô (“twine”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwis-nó-s (“double”), from *dwís (“twice, in two”) +‎ *-nós. Cognate with Old Norse tvinni (“twine”).

Noun

*twiʀn m[1]

twine, double thread

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*twiʀn
Genitive	*twiʀnas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*twiʀn	twiʀnō, twiʀnōs
Accusative	*twiʀn	*twiʀnā
Genitive	*twiʀnas	*twiʀnō
Dative	*twiʀnē	*twiʀnum
Instrumental	*twiʀnu	*twiʀnum

Descendants

Old English: twīn, *twirn, *tweorn
- Middle English: twine, twyne, twin, twern, *twire, *twir
  - Scots: twyn, twine
  - English: twine, twire
Old Frisian: *twīn
- Saterland Frisian: Twien
- West Frisian: twyn
Old Saxon: *twirn
- Middle Low German: twern, twerne, twērne
  - German Low German: Tweern, Tweernt
Old Dutch: *twīn, *twirn
- Middle Dutch: twern, tweren, twaern, twijn
  - Dutch: tweern, twijn
Old High German: *zwirn
- Middle High German: zwirn
  - German: Zwirn
  - Hunsrik: Zwern
  - Luxembourgish: Zwir

References

Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 84: “PWGmc *twizn”

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[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 84: “PWGmc *twizn”