Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/barmak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Fedotov, ESTJa suggest a derivation from *bār (probably via an intermediary *bārï-) +‎ *-mak, if so the word may have had a vowel shortening as a result of length in the suffix.

Räsänen and Nişanyan suggests a derivation from *bar- (“to go to”) +‎ *-mak with semantic expansion.

Noun

*barmak

(Common Turkic, anatomy) finger
Synonyms: *tarmak, *erŋek
(Siberian Turkic) branch
Synonyms: *tarmak, *tāl, *būtïk

Declension

Declension of *barmak

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*barmak
Accusative	barmaknï, barmakïg ⁴⁾, *barmaknïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*barmaknïŋ
Dative	*barmakka
Locative	*barmakda
Ablative	*barmakdan
Allative	*barmakgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*barmakïn
Equative ²⁾	*barmakča
Similative ²⁾	*barmaklayu
Comitative ²⁾	*barmaklïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

Common Turkic: *barmak

Arghu:
- Khalaj: barmaq
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: بارمق (barmak)
  - Ajem-Turkic:
    - Azerbaijani: barmaq
    - Qashqai: بارماق
  - Ottoman Turkish: پرمق (parmak), پارمق (parmak), پرماق (parmak); փարմագ (parmak)
    - Gagauz: parmak
    - Turkish: parmak
    - → Romanian: palmac
- Uyghur-Oghuz:
  - Salar: burmaq, bırmaq
- East Oghuz:
  - Turkmen: barmak
- → Khalaj: bırmaq
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (barmaq)
  - Uyghur: بارماق (barmaq)
  - Uzbek: barmoq
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: бармаҡ (barmaq)
  - Tatar: бармак (barmaq), барнак (barnaq)
  - → Bulgar: *parna
    - Chuvash: пӳрне (pürne)
    - → Eastern Mari: парня (parńa)
- Cuman: barmac
  - Crimean Tatar: parmaq
  - Krymchak: parmaq
  - Karachay-Balkar: бармакъ (barmaq)
  - Karaim: пармакъ, бармах, barmak
  - Kumyk: бармакъ (barmaq)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: бармақ
    - Kazakh: бармақ (barmaq)
    - Nogai: бармак (barmak)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: бармак (barmak)
    - Southern Altai: бармак (barmak)
Siberian:
- South Siberian:
  - Khakas: [script needed] (parbax, “branched”)

References

Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “parmak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 182
Sevortjan, E. V. (1978) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Nauka, page 66
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*biarŋak”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
in Turkic Lexicon.

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