< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-ti

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms
  • *-tï
  • *-di
  • *-dï

Suffix

*-ti

  1. Past tense seen or clear
    ‎*seb- (“to love”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*sebdi (“(I saw/I'm sure) she/he/it loved.”)

Usage notes
  1. Non verbs cannot directly take past tenses. The verb Proto-Turkic *er- (“to be (aux.)”) takes the past tense suffix and with it the meaning of the past tense is provided. For example;
    ‎*eb er- (“house + to be”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*eb erti (“(I saw/I'm sure) it was a house.”)
  2. Contrary to modern usages, as in Old Turkic and Bulgar language, the consonants l, r and n are followed by the strong consonant form; remaining sounds are followed by the soft consonant form. For example;
    ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdï (“She/he/it flew.”)
    ‎*yüri- (“to walk”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*yüridi (“She/he/it walked.”)
    ‎*öl- (“to die”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*ölti (“She/he/it died.”)
  3. It's also only effected by roundness harmony if used for first and second person singular and plural suffixes.
    ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdum (“I flew.”)
    ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učduŋ (“You flew.”)
    ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učdumuŕ (“We flew.”)
    ‎*uč- (“to fly”) + ‎*-ti → ‎*učduŋuŕ (“You flew.”)

See the Wikibooks page about past tenses in Proto-Turkic to learn more about it.

  • *-miĺ (past tense heard or unclear)
  • *-gan (verbal adjective)
  • *-duk (past verbal adjective)

Descendants
  • Oghur:
    • Volga Bulgar: -تِ (-ti), -جِ (-çi)
      • Chuvash: -рӗ (-rĕ), -чӗ (-čĕ)
    • Khazar: 𐰻𐰘- (-ru) (classification disputed)
  • Common Turkic:
  • Arghu:
    • Khalaj: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (erti)
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (-di)
    • Salar: -di (pronunciation is like -ci)
    • Turkmen: -di
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid:
      • Khorezmian Turkic:
        • Chagatai:
          • Uzbek: -di
          • Uyghur: [script needed] (-ti), [script needed] (-di)
  • Kipchak:
    • West Kipchak:
      • Crimean Tatar: -di
      • Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (-di)
      • Kumyk: [script needed] (-di)
      • Karaim:
    • North Kipchak:
      • Bashkir:
      • Tatar:
    • South Kipchak:
      • Caspian:
        • Kazakh: -ді (-dı), -ті (-tı)
        • Karakalpak: -di, -ti
        • Nogai:
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
  • Siberian:
    • Old Turkic:
      • Old Kirghiz: 𐱆𐰄 (-ti), 𐰓𐰄 (-di)
      • Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰃 (-ti), 𐰓𐰃 (-di)
        • Old Uyghur: -ty (-di)
    • North Siberian:
      • Yakut:
      • Dolgan:
    • South Siberian:
      • Sayan Turkic:
        • Tofa:
        • Tuvan:
      • Yenisei Turkic:
        • Khakas:
        • Shor:
        • Western Yugur:

References
  • Erdal, Marcel (2004) “-dI”, in A Grammar of Old Turkic (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies; 3), Brill Academic Publishers, →ISBN, page 238
  • Krueger, John Richard (1961) Chuvash Manual: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, and Vocabulary (Uralic and Altaic Series; 7), Indiana University, →ISBN, page 144
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