Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/sěverъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *śḗˀweras／*śjáuˀrias. Derksen derives it from *ḱeh₁wer-o-s, Dybo from *(s)ḱyeh₂w- ~ *(s)ḱih₂w- (“north; north wind”). Cognate with Lithuanian šiaurỹs (“north wind”), šiáurė (“north”), šiū́ra (dialectal).

Noun

*sě̀verъ m[1][2][3]

north

Inflection

Declension of *sěverъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sěverъ	*sěvera	*sěveri
genitive	*sěvera	*sěveru	*sěverъ
dative	*sěveru	*sěveroma	*sěveromъ
accusative	*sěverъ	*sěvera	*sěvery
instrumental	sěverъmь, sěveromь^*	*sěveroma	*sěverȳ
locative	*sěverě	*sěveru	*sěverě̄xъ
vocative	*sěvere	*sěvera	*sěveri

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: сѣверъ (sěverŭ)
  - Russian: се́вер (séver) (Arkhangelsk dialect си́вер (síver, “north wind”))
  - Ukrainian: сі́вер (síver, “cold”)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: сѣверъ (sěverŭ)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⱄⱑⰲⰵⱃⱏ (sěverŭ)
- Bulgarian: се́вер (séver)
- Macedonian: север (sever)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: се̏ве̄р, сје̏ве̄р
  
  Latin script: sȅvēr, sjȅvēr
- Slovene: sẹ́ver (tonal orthography), gen. sẹvera; sẹvər (tonal orthography), gen. sẹ́vra
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: sěver
  - Czech: sever
    - → Upper Sorbian: sewjer (“north”)
      - → Lower Sorbian: sewjer (“north”)
- Polish: siewier, Polish: Siewiór
- Slovak: sever
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: sowjer (“high-altitude haze”)

References

Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sě̀verъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 448
Olander, Thomas (2001) “sěverъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 132)”
Snoj, Marko (2016) “sever”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *sě̋verъ”

Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “север”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (2002), “север”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 6 (пỳскам – словàр²), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 573

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[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sě̀verъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 448

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001) “sěverъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 132)”

[3] Snoj, Marko (2016) “sever”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *sě̋verъ”