< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gradъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₃d-. Cognate with Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrādúni, “hail(stone)”), Latin grandō (“hail”), Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut, “hail”) < *ka-krut < *ga-grōdo-. Possibly cognate with Lithuanian grúodas (“frozen earth or mud”), although Derksen considers it more likely to be cognate instead with *grǫda, *gruda (“heap, lump”), Lithuanian grū́das (“corn”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-.

Noun

*gràdъ m[1][2]

  1. hail

Inflection
Declension of *gràdъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)
singular dual plural
nominative *gràdъ *gràda *gràdi
genitive *gràda *gràdu *gràdъ
dative *gràdu *gràdoma *gràdomъ
accusative *gràdъ *gràda *gràdy
instrumental *gràdъmь, *gràdomь* *gràdoma *gràdȳ
locative *gràdě *gràdu *gràdě̄xъ
vocative *gràde *gràda *gràdi
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: градъ (gradŭ)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Cyrillic: градъ (gradŭ)
      Glagolitic: ⰳⱃⰰⰴⱏ (gradŭ)
    • Bulgarian: град (grad)
    • Macedonian: град (grad)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: гра̏д
      Latin script: grȁd
      • Chakavian (Orbanići): grȁt
    • Slovene: grȁd (tonal orthography)
  • West Slavic:
    • Old Czech: hrad (“hail”)
      • Czech: hrady (“thundercloud”, pl.), dialectal hraď (“hail”)
    • Kashubian: grôd
    • Polabian: grod
    • Polish: grad
    • Slovak: hrad, hrád
    • Slovincian: grod
    • Sorbian:

Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “град”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gradъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 101

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gràdъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 185: “m. o (a) ‘hail’”
  2. Olander, Thomas (2001) “gradъ grada”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 23; PR 131; RPT 99, 101)”
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