< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/carHdáh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćarHáts. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁- (“to warm up, to be hot”).[1][2] Cognate with Latin caleō (“to be warm”).

Noun

*carHdáh f

  1. autumn, summer
  2. year

Derived terms
  • *nawahcarHdah (“new year”)
    • Khwarezmian: نوسارڅ (nwsʾrc /⁠nawsārc⁠/)
    • Sogdian: *nawēsarδ
      • → Classical Persian: نوسرذ (nawsarδ, “the new year celecbration”) (Albiruni's books)
    • Parthian: *nawāgsarδ
      • → Old Armenian: նաւասարդ (nawasard)
      • → Aramaic: [script needed] (nwsrdʾ /⁠nawsardā⁠/, “new year”)
    • Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nwksʾł /⁠nōgsāl⁠/)
      • Classical Persian: نوسال (nawsāl)
        Dari: نوسال (nawsāl)
        Iranian Persian: نوسال (nowsāl)
        Tajik: навсол (navsol)
  • *upacarHdáh (“spring”)
    • Sogdian: ܐܦܣܐܪܠ (ʾpsʾrδ /⁠əpsarδ⁠/, “the new year festival”)
    • Pashto: پسرلۍ (pserláy, “spring”)
    • Yidgha: فسیدرو (fsīdro, “spring”)
    • Mazanderani: اوسر (avasor, “spring”)
    • Talysh: (/⁠avasōr⁠/, “spring”)
      Latin script: əvəsor
      Arabic script: اوسور
    • Parthian: *aβsarδ
      • → Old Armenian: աւսարդ (awsard)
    • Zazaki: usar (usār, “spring”)
    • Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾpsʾł /⁠afsāl⁠/, “spring; new year festival, spring festival”)
      • Classical Persian: ابسال (absāl), آبسال (âbsâl)

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (sarəδa, “year”)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian:
      • Ossetian: (“summer”)
        Digor Ossetian: сӕрдӕ (særdæ)
        Iron Ossetian: сӕрд (særd)
      • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
        • Khotanese: [script needed] (salä)
        • Wakhi: wəsərd
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Bactrian: σαρλο (sarlo)
      • Khwarezmian: سرذ (srδ /⁠*sarδ⁠/)
      • Sogdian: (/⁠sarδ⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫡𐫔 (srδ), 𐫘𐫡𐫕 (srδδ)
        Sogdian script: 𐼼𐽀𐼹 (srδ)
        Syriac script: ܣܪܕ (srd), ܫܢܬ (ŠNT)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Pashto: پشېرلی (pšerláy, “young ram in the second year”), پشېرلی (pšerlë́y, “young ewe in the second year”)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
      • Yidgha: اسال (asāl)
      • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
        • Shughni: асӣд̌ (asīδ), асӣд (asīd), (Khufi, Rushani) [script needed] (asoδ), [script needed] (asöδ)
        • Yazghulami: асуд̌ (asuδ), асу̊д̌ (asůδ)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: سال (sál)
    • Kurdish:
      Northern Kurdish: sal
      Central Kurdish: ساڵ (sall)
      Southern Kurdish: ساڵ (sall)
      Laki: ساڵ (sall)
    • Medo-Parthian:
      • Caspian:
      • Parthian: (/⁠sarδ, sār⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 (sʾr)
        Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭔𐭍𐭕 (ŠNT)
      • Proto-Tatic:
      • Zaza-Gurani:
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: 𐎰𐎼𐎭 (θ-r-d /⁠θrda⁠/, “year”)
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠sāl⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫀𐫡 (sʾr)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ŠNT)
        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭱𐭭𐭲 (ŠNT)
        Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮐𐮌𐮑 (ŠNT)
    • Southwestern Fars:
      • Old Kazeruni: ثل (θal) (in older orthography) [3]

References
  1. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “śarád-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 616
  2. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 414
  3. Adib Tusi, M.A., 1381 AP / 2002 AD. Lahjeye Kâzeruniye qadim, Kâzeruniye. (in Persian)
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