< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/čárma

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čárma (compare Sanskrit चर्मन् (cárman)), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kér-mn̥, from *(s)ker- (“to cut”) +‎ *-mn̥.

Noun

*čárma[1][2][3][4][5][6]

  1. skin, hide, leather

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
    • Younger Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬥 (carəman)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian: *cārma
      • Ossetian:
        Digor Ossetian: царм (carm)
        Iron Ossetian: цар (car)
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (tcārman)
    • Sogdo-Batrian:
      • Khwarezmian: څرم (crm /⁠carm⁠/), چرم (črm /⁠čarm⁠/), جرم (ǰrm /⁠ǰarm⁠/)
      • Sogdian:
        Sogdian script: 𐼿𐽀𐼺 (crm /⁠čaṙm⁠/)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Ormuri: څرمون (carmún)
    • Shughni: čarm
    • Pashto:
      Waziri: څرمن (carman)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi:
      Western Balochi: چرم (čarm)
    • Kurdish:
      Northern Kurdish: çerm
      Central Kurdish: چەرم (çerm)
      Southern Kurdish: چەرم (çerm)
      Laki: چەرم (çerm)
    • Proto-Medo-Parthian: *čárma
      • Caspian:
      • Proto-Komisenian:
      • Old Median: *čárma
        • Middle Median: *čárm
          • Kermanic:
            Gazi, Kafroni, Kesehi, Qohrudi, Sedehi, Vonishuni: چرم (čarm)
            Zefrehi: [script needed] (čärm)
          • Sivandi: چرم (čarm)
        • Semnani: چرم (čarm)
      • Parthian:
        Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫡𐫖 (crm /⁠čarm⁠/)
    • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
      • Gurani:
      • Zazaki: çermê
        Talakhedeshki: چەرم (čarm)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: 𐎨𐎼𐎶𐎴 (c-r-m-n /⁠carman⁠/)
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠čarm⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫡𐫖 (crm)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (clm)
  • → Old Armenian: ճարմանդ (čarmand) (probably)

References
  1. Blažek, Václav (2013) “On Classification of Middle Iranian Languages (Preliminary Report)”, in Linguistica Brunensia‎, volume 61, numbers 1-2, →ISSN, page 67
  2. Cantera, Alberto (2017) “The phonology of Iranian”, in Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, volume 1, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, VI. Iranian, page 13
  3. Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 27
  4. Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 182
  5. Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 211
  6. Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) “čarman-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 231
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