Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yugóm

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*Hyugóm (Rix (1976: 70))

Etymology

From *yewg- (“to yoke, harness, join”) +‎ *-óm (agentive nominal suffix).

Noun

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*yugóm n

yoke

Inflection

Thematic
	singular
nominative	*yugóm
genitive	*yugósyo
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yugóm	*yugóy(h₁)	*yugéh₂
vocative	*yugóm	*yugóy(h₁)	*yugéh₂
accusative	*yugóm	*yugóy(h₁)	*yugéh₂
genitive	*yugósyo	*?	*yugóHom
ablative	*yugéad	*?	*yugómos
dative	*yugóey	*?	*yugómos
locative	yugéy, yugóy	*?	*yugóysu
instrumental	*yugóh₁	*?	*yugṓys

Descendants

Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒄿𒌑𒃷 (iúkan)
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: լուծ (luc) (l- from լուծանեմ (lucanem, “unharness”))
  - Armenian: լուծ (luc)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jū́ˀga (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *yugom (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *juką (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *dzugón
- Ancient Greek: ζυγόν (zugón)
- ⇒ (later gender shift) *dzugós
  - Ancient Greek: ζυγός (zugós)
    - Greek: ζυγός (zygós)
  - Ancient Greek: δυγός (dugós)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yugám (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *jugom (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: yokäm (“door”)

Unsorted borrowings

→ Proto-Kartvelian: *uɣ- (see there for further descendants)

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