< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yem-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*yem-[1][2][3]

  1. to hold, restrain
  2. to take, seize

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *yem-‎ (8 c, 0 e)
  • *h₂e-yḗm-ti ~ *h₂e-yem-énti (narten-type root aorist present)[1]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hayā́mti[4]
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hayā́mti
        • Sanskrit: अयमुर् (ayamur, 3pl.act.)
      • Proto-Iranian: *Hayā́mti[5][6] (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *yäm- (“to achieve”)[7]
      • Tocharian A: yomär
  • *yem-néH-ti (neH-present)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *yämnā- (“to achieve”)[7]
      • Tocharian A: [Term?] (yomnās, 3sg.fut.)
      • Tocharian B: [Term?] (yanmacer, 2pl.fut.)
  • *ym̥-sḱ-éti (sḱe-present)[1]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yaŝćáti[6]
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yaćśáti
      • Proto-Iranian: *yaŝáti[6] (see there for further descendants)
  • ye-yóm-e ~ ye-ym̥-ḗr (reduplicated stative)[1]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *́yayā́ma
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yayā́ma
        • Sanskrit: ययन्थ (yayantha)
  • yom-éye-ti (eye-causative)[1]
    • ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāmáyati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāmáyati
        • Sanskrit: आ यामयन्ति (ā́ yāmayanti)
  • *yém-ont-s ~ *ym̥-nt-és
    • ⇒ *ym̥nt-(t)ró-m
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yantrám[6]
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yantrám
          • Sanskrit: यन्त्र n (yantrá, “fastening”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *ym̥nt-wr̥
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yantwŕ̥
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yantwŕ̥
          • Sanskrit: *यन्तुर् (*yantúr, nom.sg.),[8] यन्तुरम् m (yantúram, “guider, guiding”, acc.sg.)
  • yém-o-s
    • Proto-Albanian: *jama[9]
      • Albanian: gjem (“bridle”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yámas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yámas
        • Sanskrit: यम (yáma, “rein, curb, bridle”)
  • *yém-ti-s ~ *ym̥-téy-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yátis
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yátis
        • Sanskrit: यतिस् (yátis, “holding, guidance”)
  • *yom-ó-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yāmás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *yāmás
        • Sanskrit: सुयाम (suyāmá, “restraining well”) (+ सु (su))
  • *ym̥-tó-s (“held, restrained”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yatás (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Germanic: *jēmaraz (“miserable, sorrowful, sad”)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*i̯em-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN
  2. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “i̭em-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 505
  3. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “YAM”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 399-400
  4. Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yam”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
  5. Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*i̭am”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 211-212
  6. Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) “*i̭am-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 68-78
  7. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “yäm-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 538-539
  8. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “yantúr-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 398
  9. Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 268
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