Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swep-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*swep-[1]

to sleep

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *swep-‎ (62 c, 0 e)

*sup-ór[2]
- Proto-Anatolian: *supó
  - Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑 (šu-up-pa-ri /⁠šuppāri⁠/, 3sg.pres.mid.)
*swép-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *swefaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápati
    - Vedic Sanskrit: स्वपति (svápati) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *hwápati (see there for further descendants)
*swop-éye-ti (eye-causative)[3][4]
- Proto-Germanic: *swabjaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swapáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swapáyati
    - Sanskrit: स्वपयति (svapáyati), स्वापयति (svāpáyati, “to put to sleep, lull; to put to death”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: sōpiō
*swép-ye-ti or *swṓp-ye-ti (ye-present)[3]
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Old Norse: sǿfa (“to kill”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: sōpiō
*swép-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swábdʰHati
  - Proto-Iranian: *hwábdHati
    - Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬠𐬛𐬀- (xᵛabda-, “to fall asleep”)
*swóp-r̥ ~ *swép-n̥s or *swép-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós[5] or *swóp-r̥ ~ *sup-n-ós[4][6][7]
- *súp-r̥ (generalized zero-grade)[6]
  - ⇒ *sup-r̥-wént-s[8]
    - Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-wánt-s
      - Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒈦𒉿𒀭𒍝 (su-up-pár-wa-an-za /⁠supparwanz(a)⁠/, “sleepy(?)”)
  - ⇒ *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti[6]
    - Proto-Anatolian: *sup-r̥-yé/ó-ti
      - Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒉺𒊑𒅀𒉡𒌦 (šu-up-pa-ri-i̯a-nu-un /⁠suppariyanun⁠/, 1sg.pret.act.)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *húpər
    - Ancient Greek: ὕπᾰρ (húpar, “reality”)
- *sup-n-ó-s
  - ⇒ *súp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”)[4]
    - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      - Proto-Slavic:
        Old Church Slavonic: съниѥ (sŭnije)
    - >? Proto-Tocharian:
      - Tocharian B: sänmetse (“in a trance”)
- *swép-n-o-s
- *swop-n-o-s
  - ⇒ *swóp-n-i(y)-o-m (“dream”)[4] (cf. *súpni(y)om above)
    - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      - Lithuanian: sapnỹs (“sleep, dream”)
    - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swápniyam
      - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *swápniyam
        Sanskrit: स्वप्न्यम् (svápnyam, “vision in a dream”)
    - >? Proto-Italic: *swopnjom
      - Latin: somnium (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Armenian:
    - Old Armenian: քուն (kʻun)[9] (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *swápnas (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *swepnos
    - Latin: somnus (see there for further descendants)
>? *swép-os-[3]
- Proto-Italic: *swepōs
  - Latin: sopor (alternatively from *swópr̥, or from a root noun)[1]
*sup-tó-[2]
- Proto-Anatolian: *suptós
  - ⇒ Proto-Anatolian: *suptór (verb)
    - Hittite: 𒋗𒌒𒋫𒊑 (šu-up-ta-ri /⁠šuptari⁠/, 3sg.pres.mid.)

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *sъpati (see there for further descendants)

References

De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sopor, -ōris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 575
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupp-^(tt)a(ri)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 787
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*su̯ep-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 612
Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*swep-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, pages 322, 324
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 299
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupparii̯e/a-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 788–789
Derksen, Rick (2015) “sapnas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389: “*su(e/o)p-r/n-”
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupparu̯ant-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 789
Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 29

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “su̯ep-, sup-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1048–1049
Jacqueline Picoche, Jean-Claude Rolland, Dictionnaire étymologique du français, Paris 2009, Dictionnaires Le Robert, →ISBN; sommeil
Alf Torp, "Nynorsk Etymologisk Ordbok", Oslo 1992 (reprint), →ISBN; Sova, Svevn, Svæv
Gerhard Köbler, Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, (2. Auflage) 2003
Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner

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[De_Vaan-1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sopor, -ōris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 575

[Kloekhorst_1-2] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupp-^(tt)a(ri)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 787

[LIV-3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*su̯ep-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 612

[M&A-4] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*swep-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, pages 322, 324

[Sihler-5] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 299

[Kloekhorst_2-6] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupparii̯e/a-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 788–789

[7] Derksen, Rick (2015) “sapnas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389: “*su(e/o)p-r/n-”

[Kloekhorst_3-8] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupparu̯ant-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 789

[9] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 29