< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/nu

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions
  • *nu(H)

Adverb

*nu

  1. now
  2. well (as an interjection)
  3. and

Derived terms
  • *nū̆-nó-, *nū̆-nó-y
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nūnái, *nunái[1][2]
      • Lithuanian: nū̃n (“now, today”), nūnaĩ (“now, today, nowadays”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *nyně, *nъně
        • East Slavic:
          • Russian: ны́не (nýne), но́не (nóne)
          • Carpathian Rusyn: нынї (nŷnji)
            • Carpathian Rusyn: нынька (nŷnʹka)
          • Ukrainian: ни́ні (nýni)
            • Ukrainian: ни́нька (nýnʹka), ни́ньки (nýnʹky) (dialectal), ни́ніка (nýnika) (dialectal)
        • South Slavic:
          • Old Church Slavonic:
            Old Church Slavonic: нꙑнѣ (nyně), нънꙗ (nŭnja)
            Old Church Slavonic: ⱀⱏⱀⱑ (nŭně)
        • West Slavic:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nūnám
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nūnám
        • Sanskrit: नूनम् (nūnám)
      • Proto-Iranian: *nūrám
        • Avestan: 𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬇𐬨 (nūrə̄m), 𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬆𐬨 (nūrəm), 𐬥𐬏𐬭𐬄𐬨 (nūrąm)
        • Old Persian: 𐎵𐎢𐎼𐎶 (nu-u-r-m)
          • Middle Persian: [script needed] (nūn)
      • Proto-Nuristani: *nūná
        • Southern Nuristani: *yéə-nū̃ə (“today”) (< *i-eká nūná)
          • Ashkun: yanū̃́
          • Waigali: önũ
    • Proto-Italic: *num[3]

Descendants
  • Proto-Albanian: *nu[4]
    • Albanian: nu (“when”), tani (“now”), ani (“later”)
  • Proto-Anatolian: *nu[5]
    • Hittite: 𒉡 (nu, “now, and”)
    • Luwian:
      Cuneiform script: 𒈾𒀀𒉡𒌦 (na-a-nu-un /⁠nānun⁠/)
      Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: [Anatolian Hieroglyphs needed] (awa-); [script needed] (unu), [script needed] (unun)}
    • Palaic: 𒉡 (nu)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nu[6]
    • Latgalian: niu, niule, niulen (“now”)
    • Lithuanian: nū, nù (“now”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *nъ
      • East Slavic:
        • Belarusian: ну (nu)
          • Belarusian: ану́ (anú), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ну́тка (nútka), ану́тка (anútka)
        • Russian: ну (nu), но (no)
          • Russian: ну́-ка (nú-ka), ну́-кась (nú-kasʹ), ну́-кася (nú-kasja), ну-с (nu-s), ну́те (núte), ну́те-ка (núte-ka), ну́те-с (núte-s), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ну́-ко (nú-ko), ну́-кось (nú-kosʹ), ну́-тка (nú-tka)
        • Carpathian Rusyn: но (no)
        • Ukrainian: ну (nu), но (no)
          • Ukrainian: ану́ (anú), ну́-бо (nú-bo), ану́бо (anúbo), ну́мо (númo), ну́мте (númte), ану́те (anúte), ну-ну́ (nu-nú), ану-ну́ (anu-nú)
      • South Slavic:
        • Bulgarian: нъ (n)
        • Macedonian: но (no)
        • Old Church Slavonic:
          Old Church Slavonic: нъ (nŭ)
          Old Church Slavonic: ⱀⱏ (nŭ)
        • Serbo-Croatian:
          Cyrillic script: ну
          Latin script: nu
        • Slovene: no
      • West Slavic:
        • Czech: no
          • Czech: nuže
        • Polish: no
        • Slovak: no
          • Slovak: nuž
  • Proto-Celtic: *nu[7]
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Middle Welsh: nu
    • Gaulish: nu
    • Old Irish: nu, no-
  • Proto-Germanic: *nu (“now”)[8] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *nu, *nū
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *nú, *nū́
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *nú, *nū́
    • Proto-Iranian: *nū́
      • Avestan: 𐬥𐬏 (nū, “now”)
      • Kurdish:
        Northern Kurdish: niha (nihā), noke (nōka, “now”)
        Central Kurdish: ھەنووکە (hanūka, “now”)
      • Northern Kurdish: nika (nikā, “now”)
  • Proto-Italic: *nū[3]

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2015) “nūn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 338
  2. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*nyně, *nъně”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 360
  3. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “num”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 418
  4. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “nu”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 301
  5. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “nu”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 702-703
  6. Derksen, Rick (2008) “nъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 360
  7. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*nu”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 294-295
  8. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*nū”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
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