< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kes-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱes-
 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*kes-[1][2]

  1. to scrape, comb

Extensions
  • *ks-dʰh₁-[1]
    • *kés-dʰh₁-eh₂[3]
      • Proto-Germanic: *hezdǭ (“flax fibers”)[3]
        • Proto-West Germanic: *heʀdā (see there for further descendants)
    • *kos-dʰh₁-ós[3]
      • Proto-Germanic: *hazdaz (“hair”)[3] (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kes-‎ (8 c, 0 e)
  • *kés-ti ~ *ks-énti (athematic root present)[2][3][4]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Luwian: 𒆠𒊭𒀭𒁕 (ki-ša-an-da, 3pl.pret.act.), 𒆠𒊭𒄠𒈠 (ki-ša-am-ma /⁠kišama⁠/, part.)
      • Hittite: 𒆠𒅖𒍣 (ki-iš-zi, “to comb, card”, 3sg.pres.act.)
  • *ks-néw-ti ~ *ks-nw-énti (*néw-present)[1][5][6] (see there for further descendants)
  • *kes-/*kos-yé-ti (yé-fientive)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *késtei
      • Lithuanian: kàsti
      • Proto-Slavic: *česàti (“to scratch, comb”)[7] (see there for further descendants)
  • *kos-éye-ti (*éye-causative)[3]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasīˀtei
      • Proto-Slavic: *kositi (“to mow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *kés-r̥ ~ *ks-én-s
    • *ksen- (reanalysed root)[8][9]
    • ⇒
      • >? Proto-Albanian: *kasra > *kāra[10]
        • Albanian: korr (“to harvest, reap”)
    • ⇒ *ke-ks-r-éh₂ (with reduplication of the root)
      • >? Proto-Celtic: *kīsrā (“comb”) (possibly < *kēsrā < *kexsrā)[11]
        • Old Irish: cír (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *kes-ró-m
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *hērą (“hair”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *kés-s ~ *ks-és
    • *kses- (reanalysed root)[1]
      • *ksés-ti (athematic present)[1][12]
        • Proto-Hellenic: *kséhō
          • Ancient Greek: ξέω (xéō, “to shave, carve, smooth, polish”)
      • *kses-tós (verbal adjective)
        • Proto-Hellenic: *ksestós
          • Ancient Greek: ξεστός (xestós, “smoothed, polished, wrought”)
  • *kés-u-s ~ *ks-éw-s
  • *kos-éh₂[3]
    • Proto-Albanian: *kaxā (“plaited hair”)[13]
      • Albanian: kezë (“woman’s head-dress, bonnet, hair-net”)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasā́ˀ[14]
      • Latvian: kasa (“braid”)
      • Lithuanian: kasà (“braid”)
      • Old Prussian: kexti (“braided hair”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *kosà (“hair, braided hair”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *kos-eh₂-yé-ti ~ *kos-eh₂-yónti[2]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasā́ˀtei
        • Latvian: kàsît
        • Lithuanian: kasýti
        • Proto-Slavic: *kasati[15] (see there for further descendants)
  • *kós-mo-s[16]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kasmas
      • Proto-Slavic: *kosmъ[16] (see there for further descendants)
  • (possibly)[17] *kos-ó-s
    • Proto-Albanian: *kaxa (“ox”)[17]
      • Albanian: ka

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “kes-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 585
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*kes-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 357
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hezdōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 225
  4. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “kiš-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 557-558
  5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “novācula”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 414-415
  6. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*snawwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 461
  7. Derksen, Rick (2015) “kasti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 231
  8. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ks-en-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 585
  9. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ksen-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 371
  10. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “korr”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 192
  11. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kīsrā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 204
  12. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ξέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1035
  13. The template Template:R:sq:Orel:2000 does not use the parameter(s): 
    head=*kaxā
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.    Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 61
  14. Derksen, Rick (2015) “kasa”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 230-231
  15. Derksen, Rick (2015) “kasyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 231
  16. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kosmъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 238-239
  17. The template Template:R:sq:Orel:2000 does not use the parameter(s): 
    head=*kaxa
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.    Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 61
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