< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ésth₁

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Reconstruction

The original form was a neuter root noun, as can be seen from Latin os and Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬙- (ast-). In the rest of the daughters, the noun has been transferred to various vocalic stems.

Medial -th- in Sanskrit अस्थि (ásthi) requires root of the form *HestH (the initial laryngeal is there to account for the canonical shape of Proto-Indo-European root). The Latin reflex requires the initial laryngeal to be *h₃-, and Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon) points to *h₁ as the root-final laryngeal.

Celtic forms require initial laryngeal to be *h₂-, so this noun is sometimes[3] reconstructed to have the paradigm *h₂óst(h₁) ~ *h₂ést(h₁)s.

Noun

*h₃ésth₁ n

  1. bone

Declension

Acrostatic ablauting paradigm.

Athematic, acrostatic
singular
nominative *h₃ésth₁
genitive *h₃stéh₁s
singular dual plural
nominative *h₃ésth₁ *h₃ésth₁ih₁ —
vocative *h₃ésth₁ *h₃ésth₁ih₁ —
accusative *h₃ésth₁ *h₃ésth₁ih₁ —
genitive *h₃stéh₁s *? —
ablative *h₃stéh₁s *? —
dative *h₃stéh₁ey *? —
locative *h₃stéh₁, *h₃stéh₁i *? —
instrumental *h₃stéh₁h₁ *? —
  • *kost-, whence Proto-Slavic *kostь (“bone”)

Descendants
  • Proto-Albanian: *aśt-[4]
  • Anatolian:
  • Armenian: (< *Host-wer-)
  • Celtic:
    • Brythonic:
      • Welsh: asgwrn (< *astkornu), ais (< *astū < *h₂estōn), asen (< *astonion)
    • Old Irish: asna (< *astniyos)
      • Irish: easna
      • Manx: asney
      • Scottish Gaelic: asna
  • Hellenic:
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HástʰH
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HástʰH
    • Proto-Iranian: *HástH (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Nuristani:
      • Kamviri: âṭi
  • Italic:
    • Latin: os (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *āyä[5]
    • Tocharian A: āy
    • Tocharian B: āy (plural āsta)

Further reading

References
  1. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  3. Steinbauer and Schrijver.
  4. Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 82
  5. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “āyo”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 48
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