< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰwes-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰew-
 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Seemingly related to *dʰewh₂- (“(to emit) smoke, vapor, mist, haze”), with which there may be confusion in some descendants.

Root

*dʰwes-[1]

  1. to breathe (in or out)
  2. breath
  3. spirit, soul > creature
  4. dust > dusty, murky color[2]

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰwes-‎ (7 c, 0 e)
  • *dʰews-óm
    • Proto-Germanic: *deuzą (“animal”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *dʰews-ós
    • Proto-Germanic: *deuzaz (“wild, fierce, bold”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *dʰows-o-s
    • >? Proto-Albanian: *dauša (otherwise from *dʰeh₁-l-)
      • Albanian: dash (“ram”)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣas,[3][4] *dáuṣāˀ
      • Lithuanian: daũsos f pl (“air; skies; heaven”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *dȗxъ, *dyxъ? (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *dʰows-yo-
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dáuṣjāˀ[6]
        • Lithuanian: daũsios f pl
        • Proto-Slavic: *dušà (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Proto-Celtic:
        • Gaulish: dusios (“phantasm”)
  • *dʰwés-(e)-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dwéstei[7]
      • Lithuanian: dvė̃sti (“to breathe (out), exhale, blow, sigh; to breathe one's last, perish”)
      • Latvian: dvèst (“to breathe (heavily), cough”)
  • >? *dʰus- (zero-grade root present)[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic:
        • Old Church Slavonic: из-дъшє (iz-dŭše, “to breathe one's last, die”)
  • >? *dʰus-yé-ti[1]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: dust
      • >? Proto-Slavic: *duxati (see there for further descendants)
  • >? *dʰus-h₁yé-ti[1]
    • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: dusêt
      • Lithuanian: dūsė́ti (“to breathe heavily; to gasp; to sob”); ? dusė́ti (“to cough”)
      • >? Proto-Slavic: *dyšàti (see there for further descendants)
  • >? *dʰwēs-
    • >? Proto-Italic: (initial *f expected)
      • Latin: bēstia (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-ko-s (“dark-colored”)[8]
    • Proto-Germanic: *duskaz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic:
      • Latin: fuscus (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-wós (“dark, black, brown”)[2]
  • Proto-Indo-European: *dʰus-nos
    • Proto-Celtic: *dusnos (“dark, brown”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *dusnaz (“brownish; brown; yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

  • Proto-Germanic: *dunstą (“mist, dust, evaporation”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *dustą (“dust”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *dvoxati (analogical formation)[9] (or from *dʰewh₂-; cf. also *dūxàti)
      • Russian: дво́хать (dvóxatʹ, “to breathe heavily; to gasp; to cough loudly”) (dialectal)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: dùsti (“to run out of breath, pant, gasp for air; to choke, stifle”)
  • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: (or from *dʰewh₂-)
    • Lithuanian: dūsúoti (“to breathe heavily”), dū́sauti (“to sigh”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:[10]
    • Latvian: dvẽsele (“breath, soul”)
    • Lithuanian: dvėselė (“soul; (dial.) strength”)
    • Lithuanian: dvasia (“soul”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: ध्वंसति (dhváṁsati, “he falls to dust”)
        • Ashokan Prakrit:
          • Bengali: ধসা (dhośa, “to collapse”)
          • Nepali: धस्नु (dhasnu, “to pierce”)
        • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀥𑀁𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhaṃsadi), 𑀥𑀲𑀤𑀺 (dhasadi)
          • Gujarati: ધસવું (dhasvũ, “to collapse”)
          • Hindi: धँसना (dhãsnā, “to be submerged, sink drown; to pierce”)
          • Punjabi: ਢਹਿਣਾ (ḍhahiṇā) / ڈھہنا (ḍhahiṇā, “to fall”)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dʰu̯es- ‘(ein-, aus-)atmen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 160
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “furvus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252
  3. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dȗxъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 124
  4. Derksen, Rick (2015) “dausos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 117–118
  5. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dūxàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 124
  6. Derksen, Rick (2015) “dausios”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 117
  7. Derksen, Rick (2015) “dvėsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149
  8. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fuscus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252
  9. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*dvoxati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 128
  10. Derksen, Rick (2015) “dvėselė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149
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