< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰers-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰers-[1]

  1. top, tip, point

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰers-‎ (9 c, 0 e)
  • *bʰars-[2] ~ *bʰors- ~ *bʰor-es- (“spike, prickle”) (possibly)
    • Albanian: bar (“grass”)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *buras (< *bʰr̥-(e)s-)
      • Proto-Slavic: *bъrъ (“foxtail millet”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *bargos, *barginā (“cake, bread”)
      • Breton: bara (“bread”)
      • Old Cornish: bara
      • Old Irish: bairgen (“bread, loaf”)
      • Welsh: bara (“bread”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *baraz (“spiky leaves, needles of the fir or pine; awn; barley”)[3]
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: Φήρον (Phḗron, “plant deity”)
    • Proto-Italic: *fars
      • Latin: far (“type of husked wheat, emmer; grain, flour, grits”)
      • Faliscan: 𐌚𐌀𐌓 (far, “emmer wheat”)
  • *bʰr̥s-ko-s or *bʰr̥s-ḱo-s
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *bruskaz (“tuft; thicket”) (or from *bʰrus-go-?)[4]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰərskos
      • >? Ancient Greek: *φαρσκος (*pharskos)[5]
        • Ancient Greek: φάσκος (pháskos, “tufts of moss”)
  • *bʰr̥s-t-yós
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burštjás
      • Proto-Slavic: *bъ̃rščь (“hogweed”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰérs-ti-s ~ *bʰr̥s-tí-s[6]
    • Proto-Germanic: *burstiz (“bristle”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰr̥štíš
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰr̥ṣṭíṣ
      • Proto-Iranian: *br̥štíš
        • Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎-𐬠𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬱𐬙- (vouru-barəšt-, “northwest side of the earth”)
    • Proto-Italic: *farstjagjom[6]
      • Latin: fastīgium (“sharp point”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰors-i(H)n- ~ *bʰars-i(H)n-[7]
    • *bʰors-in-óm ~ *bʰars-in-óm n
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baršina
        • Proto-Slavic: *bȏršьno (“flour, food”)
        • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bar(š)- + *-ība
    • *bʰors-iHn-eh₂ ~ *bʰars-iHn-eh₂ f
      • Proto-Italic: *farsīnā
        • Latin: fārīna (“flour”) (< *farrina)
  • *bʰórs-o-s[8]
    • Proto-Germanic: *barsaz (“pike, bass”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *barskaz[5]
      • Old Saxon: *barsk
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Lithuanian: brū̃sgai m pl (“underbrush”)
Compounds
  • *bʰers-dʰh₁eti
    • *bʰros-dʰ(h₁)-o-[9] (with vowel metathesis)
      • Proto-Celtic: *brosdos
        • Old Irish: brot (“goad, spike”)
      • Proto-Germanic: *brazdaz, *brazdą (“edge, brim”)
        • Proto-West Germanic: *braʀd m
          • Old English: breard (“brim, margin”)
          • Old High German: brart (“edge”)
            • Middle High German: brart (“edge; board”)
        • Old Norse: *bradd
          • Elfdalian: bradd m (“edge”)
          • Icelandic: bradd n (“edge”)
          • Norwegian: bradd n (“shore, side”)
      • Proto-Germanic: *bruzdaz (“point, spike, thorn”)[10] (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*barro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 58: “*bʰers- 'point'”
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “far”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bariz- ~ *barza-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 52
  4. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bruska-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 80
  5. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φάσκος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1557
  6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fastīgō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 203: “*bʰr̥s-tí- 'top', point”
  7. Derksen, Rick (2008) “bȍršьno”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN
  8. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*barsa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53: “*bʰors-o-”
  9. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*brazda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 74
  10. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bruzda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81
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