< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱewh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ḱewh₁- (perfective)[1][2]

  1. to swell
  2. to be strong

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱewh₁-‎ (13 c, 0 e)
  • *ḱéwh₁-t ~ *ḱuh₁-ént (athematic root aorist)[2]
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ἔκῡσᾰ (ékūsa)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáćwaHt
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáśwaHt
        • Sanskrit: अश्वत् (áśvat) (possible innovation based on ह्वयते (hváyati)/अह्वत् (áhvat))
      • Proto-Iranian: *HášwaHt
        • Avestan: 𐬯𐬏𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (sūidiiāi, 3sg.aor.act.inf.)
  • *ḱe-ḱówh₁-e ~ *ḱe-ḱuh₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)[2]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaćuHā́
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaśuHā́
        • Sanskrit: शूशुवुर् (śūśuvur, “are swollen”)
  • *ḱí-ḱewh₁-ti ~ *ḱí-ḱuh₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated athematic root present)
    • *ḱiḱh₁-ú-s[3]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćíćHuš
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śíśHuṣ
  • *ḱuh₁-éye-ti (zero-grade éye-present)[2][4][5]
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: κυέω (kuéō, “to be pregnant, become pregnant”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHáyati (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Italic: *kīje- (< (Thurneysen's rule) *kūje-)
      • Latin: inciēns (“big with young”)
  • *ḱuh₁-yé-ti (yé-present)[2]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHyáti
      • Proto-Iranian: *cuHyáti
        • Ossetian:
          Digor: рӕсуйун (ræsujun)
          Iron: рӕсыйын (ræsyjyn)
  • *ḱwéh₁-dʰ-o-h₁ or *ḱuh₁-o-dʰ-ó-h₁ (dual)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwáHdʰaH or *ćuHādʰáH
      • Proto-Iranian: *cwáHdaH (“army”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *ḱéwh₁-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-mén-s
  • *n̥-ḱéwh₁-mō ~ *n̥-ḱuh₁-mén-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *əkūmōn
      • Ancient Greek: ἀκύμων (akúmōn)
  • >? *ḱéwh₁-neh₂
    • Proto-Celtic: *kawanā
      • Old Irish: cúan (“troop”)
  • *ḱuh₁-nó-s[5]
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *hūną (“top of a stick”)[5]
      • Old English: *hūn
        • ⇒ Old English: hūnþyrel
      • Middle Dutch: hune
      • Old Norse: húnn
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHnás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHnás
        • Sanskrit: शुन (śuná, “thriving”)
  • *ḱewh₁-ró-s, *ḱuh₁-ró-s (“strong”)[1] (or the nouns are thematicized from *ḱéwh₁-r̥?)
    • Proto-Celtic: *kawaros (“hero”, noun) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kūrós (noun)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHrás (“strong”, adjective) (see there for further descendants)
  • *ḱuh₁-ryós
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kúrios (“lord, master”)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: κύριος (kúrios, “lord, master”)
  • *ḱéwh₁-s ~ *ḱuh₁-s-és
    • ⇒ *ḱéwh₁-os
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáwHas
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáwHas
        • Proto-Iranian: *cáwHah
          • Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (sauua)
    • ⇒ *ḱéwh₁s-mn̥ ~ *ḱuh₁-s-méns
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćúšma
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śúṣma
          • Sanskrit: शुष्म (śúṣma, “strong”)
    • ⇒ *ḱuh₁s-ó-s[6]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćuHsás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śuHsás
          • Sanskrit: शूष (śūṣá, “strength”)
  • *ḱuh₁-yó-s
    • Proto-Celtic: *kuwyos (“young animal”)[7]
      • Proto-Brythonic:
        • Middle Welsh: cyw
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćwamH-
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śwamH-
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬇𐬧 (spə̄ṇ, “beneficial”)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “k̑eu-, k̑eu̯ə-, k̑ū-, k̑u̯ā-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 592-594
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑u̯eh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 339
  3. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “śíśu-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 641: “*ḱi-ḱuh₁-”
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κυέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 797
  5. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hūna(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 255
  6. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “śūṣá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 652: “*ḱuh₁-s-ó-”
  7. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kuwyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 231
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