Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵneh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵneh₃- (perfective)[1]

to recognise, to know

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵneh₃-‎ (79 c, 0 e)

*ǵi-ǵneh₃-ti (reduplicated present stem)
- ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō
  - Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)
*ǵnéh₃-t ~ *ǵn̥h₃-ént (root aorist)
*ǵnéh₃-ti (root present)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: *ծան- (*can-), ճանաչենամ (čanačʻenam)
    - Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źnōˀtei (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
*ǵn̥h₃-tó-s
*ǵn̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *ǵn̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)
*ǵneh₃-dʰl-
- Proto-Italic: *gnōðlis
  - Latin: nōbilis (see there for further descendants)
*ǵneh₃-meh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνώμη (gnṓmē)
*ǵnéh₃-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₃-mén-s
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνῶμα (gnôma)
    - → Latin: grōma
- Proto-Slavic: *znàmę (see there for further descendants)
*ǵnéh₃-mō
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνώμων (gnṓmōn)
    - → English: gnomon (or via Latin or a descendant thereof)
    - Greek: γνώμονας (gnómonas)
    - → Latin: gnōmōn (see there for further descendants)
    - → Latin: norma (via Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵneh₃-ri-
- Proto-Italic: *gnōriā
  - Latin: glōria (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥h₃-ro-
- Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: γνώριμος (gnṓrimos) (formed with -ιμος (-imos))
- Italic: *gnāros, *engnāros, *engnārāō, *gnārāō
  - Latin: gnārus, ignārus, ignōrō, nārrō (see there for further descendants)
*ǵneh₃-ti-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνῶσις (gnôsis)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 (zainti, “understanding”)
      - → Middle Persian: [script needed] (znt' /⁠Zand⁠/, “Zand of Avesta”)
  - Indic:
    - Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñāti)
- Italic: *gnōtiō
  - Latin: nōtiō (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥h₃-wo-
- Italic:
  - Latin: gnāvus
*ǵn̥h₃-yo-m
- Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“omen”)
  - Old Norse: kyn
    - Icelandic: kyn
  - → Proto-Finnic: *konëh (“magic”) (Pre-Germanic borrowing)
    - Finnish: kone (“machine”)
    - Karelian: koneh
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Celtic: *gnūstis (“face”)
  - Old Irish: gnúis
    - Irish: gnúis
    - Scottish Gaelic: gnùis
  - Proto-Brythonic: *gnis
    - Middle Welsh: gnis
- Proto-Germanic: *knēaną (apparently from *ǵneh₁-, of unknown origin) (see there for further descendants)
- Sanskrit: ज्ञान (jñāna, “knowledge”)

References

Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 373

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[1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN