< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰrem-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵʰrem-

  1. (transitive) to vex, torment
  2. (intransitive) to be angry, upset

Alternative reconstructions

Reconstruction notes

Depalatalization of *ǵ before *r in Indo-Iranian due to Weise's Law.

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰrem-‎ (4 c, 0 e)
  • *ǵʰérm̥-ti ~ *ǵʰr̥m-énti / *ǵʰr̥m-tór ~ *ǵʰr̥m-n̥tór (athematic root present)[4][9]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárati (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰrḗm-s-t ~ *ǵʰrém-s-ént (s-aorist)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *krās- (“to vex, torment; to be angry”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hágʰrānsat
      • Proto-Iranian: *Hágrānsat
        • Sogdian:
          Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑𐼎𐼀𐼊 (ɣrʾnsnʾy /⁠ɣrānsnē⁠/, “annoyed, angry, irritable”, pres.ptc.)
  • *ǵʰr̥m-tó-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥ntás
      • Proto-Iranian: *gr̥ntáh
        • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *gr̥ntákaH
          • Sogdian:
            Manichaean script: 𐫃̌𐫡𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫙 (ǧrʾndʿ /⁠ɣrandyy⁠/, “irritated”)
        • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *aHgr̥mtáh
          • Proto-Sogdic: *aHgr̥ntāns
            • Sogdian:
              Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼲𐽀𐼰𐼻𐽂𐼰𐼻𐽂 (ʾɣrʾntʾnt /⁠āɣrantant⁠/, 3pl.ptc.)
  • *ǵʰrém-ont-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámans
      • Proto-Iranian: *grámans
        • Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, acc.sg.ptc.pres.)
        • Sogdian:
          Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑 (ɣrʾns /⁠ɣrans⁠/, “to get angry”)
  • *ǵʰrom-éye-ti (éye-causative)[10]
    • Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to cause to be angry, provoke”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *ǵʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal infix)
    • Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to be angry”) (< *ǵʰrénmeti[11]) (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰrem-nó-s[12] or *ǵʰrem-wó-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“angry, irritated, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰróm-o-s[13]
    • Proto-Germanic: *gramaz (“furious, hostile”) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. ghrem-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 458-459
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrem-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 204
  3. Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gram”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122
  4. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*?*g̑ʰeRH-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 178
  5. Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*zarH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469
  6. Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 338-340: “*ghres-”
  7. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “krās-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 231: “PIE *gʰres- ‘± threaten, torment’”
  8. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. ghers-, ghres-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 445
  9. Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*gram-, *gar-m-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 284-286
  10. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gʰrom-éie-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
  11. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grimman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
  12. Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “grim”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144: “PIE: *ghremno-”
  13. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χρεμετίζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1647: “*gʰromo-”
  14. van Beek, Lucien (2022) The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 22)‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 432: “PIE *gʰr̥m-eh₂‑”
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