< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skakaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kek- (“to shake, stir”), with unexpected *-k- instead of *-h-, either through contamination or back-formation from the iterative *skakkōną (“to shake”).[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈskɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skakaną[1][2][3]

  1. to swing
  2. to shake
  3. to escape

Inflection
Conjugation of *skakaną (strong class 6)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skakō*skakaų—*skakai ?
2nd singular *skakizi*skakaiz*skak*skakazai*skakaizau
3rd singular *skakidi*skakai*skakadau*skakadai*skakaidau
1st dual *skakōz*skakaiw———
2nd dual *skakadiz*skakaidiz*skakadiz——
1st plural *skakamaz*skakaim—*skakandai*skakaindau
2nd plural *skakid*skakaid*skakid*skakandai*skakaindau
3rd plural *skakandi*skakain*skakandau*skakandai*skakaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *skōk*skōkį̄
2nd singular *skōht*skōkīz
3rd singular *skōk*skōkī
1st dual *skōkū*skōkīw
2nd dual *skōkudiz*skōkīdiz
1st plural *skōkum*skōkīm
2nd plural *skōkud*skōkīd
3rd plural *skōkun*skōkīn
present past
participles *skakandz*skakanaz

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *skakan
    • Old English: sċacan, sċeacan
    • Old Frisian: skeka
      • >? Saterland Frisian: skädje
      • West Frisian: schaekjen, schaakje, schaekje (obsolete)
    • Old Saxon: skakan
      • Middle Low German: *schaken
    • Old Dutch: *skakan
  • Old Norse: skaka (skakra)

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “skakan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 438
  2. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*skakanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 332
  3. Seebold, Elmar (1970) “SKAK-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 404
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