< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwirkijaną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkwir.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Inflection
Conjugation of *kwirkijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *kwirkijō | *kwirkijaų | — | *kwirkijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *kwirkīsi | *kwirkijais | *kwirkī | *kwirkijasai | *kwirkijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *kwirkīþi | *kwirkijai | *kwirkijaþau | *kwirkijaþai | *kwirkijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *kwirkijōs | *kwirkijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *kwirkijaþiz | *kwirkijaiþiz | *kwirkijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *kwirkijamaz | *kwirkijaim | — | *kwirkijanþai | *kwirkijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *kwirkīþ | *kwirkijaiþ | *kwirkīþ | *kwirkijanþai | *kwirkijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *kwirkijanþi | *kwirkijain | *kwirkijanþau | *kwirkijanþai | *kwirkijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *kwirkidǭ | *kwirkidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *kwirkidēz | *kwirkidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *kwirkidē | *kwirkidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *kwirkidēdū | *kwirkidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *kwirkidēdudiz | *kwirkidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *kwirkidēdum | *kwirkidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *kwirkidēdud | *kwirkidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *kwirkidēdun | *kwirkidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *kwirkijandz | *kwirkidaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *kwirkijan
- Old Frisian: querka, quertsa
- Old Saxon: *quirkian
- Middle Low German: querken
- Old Norse: kvirkja, kyrkja
- → Proto-Finnic: *kurgistadak (see there for further descendants)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kwerkō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 317: “*kwerkjan-”
- Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*kwerkjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 228
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