< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kreupaną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
According to Kroonen, the derivations containing -p(p)- and -b(b)- show that the root was originally Pre-Germanic *kreupp-, from Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ-, rather than the traditionally given *grewb-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkreu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃/
Inflection
Conjugation of *kreupaną (strong class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *kreupō | *kreupaų | — | *kreupai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *kriupizi | *kreupaiz | *kreup | *kreupazai | *kreupaizau |
| 3rd singular | *kriupidi | *kreupai | *kreupadau | *kreupadai | *kreupaidau |
| 1st dual | *kreupōz | *kreupaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *kreupadiz | *kreupaidiz | *kreupadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *kreupamaz | *kreupaim | — | *kreupandai | *kreupaindau |
| 2nd plural | *kriupid | *kreupaid | *kriupid | *kreupandai | *kreupaindau |
| 3rd plural | *kreupandi | *kreupain | *kreupandau | *kreupandai | *kreupaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *kraup | *krupį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *krauft | *krupīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *kraup | *krupī | |||
| 1st dual | *krupū | *krupīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *krupudiz | *krupīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *krupum | *krupīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *krupud | *krupīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *krupun | *krupīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *kreupandz | *krupanaz | |||
Related terms
- *krupilaz/*kruppilaz
- *kruppijaną
- *kruppōną/*krubbōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *kreupan
- Old English: crēopan
- Old Frisian: krūpa, kriāpa, kriēpa, krēpa
- Old East Frisian: crjippa
- Saterland Frisian: kjoope
- West Frisian: krippe, krûpe
- Old East Frisian: crjippa
- Old Saxon: kriopan
- Old Dutch: *crūpan
- Old High German: kriofan, *krūfan
- Middle High German: kriefen, krūfen
- German: kraufen, krüpfen
- Alemannic German: chrüpfen
- Central Franconian: kruffe
- Middle High German: kriefen, krūfen
- Old Norse: krjúpa
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kreupan- ~ *krūpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 304
- Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*kreupanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 221
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