< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hramjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *hramō (“frame, rack”) +‎ *-janą.

Verb

*hramjaną[1][2]

  1. to frame, enclose with a framework or fence
  2. to hem in, restrain

Inflection
Conjugation of *hramjaną (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hramjō*hramjaų—*hramjai ?
2nd singular *hramisi*hramjais*hrami*hramjasai*hramjaisau
3rd singular *hramiþi*hramjai*hramjaþau*hramjaþai*hramjaiþau
1st dual *hramjōs*hramjaiw———
2nd dual *hramjaþiz*hramjaiþiz*hramjaþiz——
1st plural *hramjamaz*hramjaim—*hramjanþai*hramjainþau
2nd plural *hramiþ*hramjaiþ*hramiþ*hramjanþai*hramjainþau
3rd plural *hramjanþi*hramjain*hramjanþau*hramjanþai*hramjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hramidǭ*hramidēdį̄
2nd singular *hramidēz*hramidēdīz
3rd singular *hramidē*hramidēdī
1st dual *hramidēdū*hramidēdīw
2nd dual *hramidēdudiz*hramidēdīdiz
1st plural *hramidēdum*hramidēdīm
2nd plural *hramidēdud*hramidēdīd
3rd plural *hramidēdun*hramidēdīn
present past
participles *hramjandz*hramidaz

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *hrammjan
    • Old English: hremman
    • Old Frisian: *hremma
      • ⇒ Old Frisian: hrembende, hrembend (“fetter”)
    • Old Dutch: *remmen
  • >? Old Norse: hremma (“to grasp, clutch, seize”) (more likely a later derivative of Old Norse hrammr (“claw, paw”), from Proto-Germanic *hrammaz (“bent, curved”))
    • Icelandic: hremma
  • Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hramjan)
    • →⇒? Medieval Latin: adchramiō, adchrammiō, adframiō (“to vow, swear, assure”) (alterantively from Frankish *hrammjan)

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hraman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 242: “*hramjan-”
  2. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*xram(m)janan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 184
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