𑀓𑁂𑀭

Prakrit

Alternative forms

-𑀓𑁂𑀭 (-kera) — as a suffix
𑀓𑁂𑀭𑀬 (keraya) — with -𑀬- (-ya-)
*𑀓𑀸𑀭 (*kāra) — debated reconstruction based on some descendants

Etymology

Probably grammaticalized from Sanskrit कार्य (kārya, “effect, end, aim”) (from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kā́ryas (“to be done”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷór-yo-s, from the root *kʷer- (“to do, make”)), through metathesis of -āry- > -āyr- > -er-.[1] Doublet of 𑀓𑀚𑁆𑀚 (kajja).

Adjective

𑀓𑁂𑀭 (kera) (Devanagari केर, Kannada ಕೇರ) (Sauraseni, Maharastri, Magadhi) [2]

a suffix appended to nouns and particularly to pronouns to indicate possession
Sauraseni ‎𑀫𑀫 (mama, “of me”, genitive of 𑀅𑀳𑀁 (ahaṃ)) + ‎𑀓𑁂𑀭 (kera) → ‎𑀫𑀫𑀓𑁂𑀭 (mamakera, “my, concerning me”)

Descendants

In many descendants, the -k- is lost since this word was considered to be fused with the preceding noun/pronoun, in which case the -k- was intervocalic and regularly lenited and, eventually, deleted.

Applied to all nouns:

Eastern:
- Maithili: केर (kēr)
- Bengali: -এর (-er)
- Assamese: -অৰ (-or)
- Odia: -ର (-rô)
Central:
- Old Hindi: कर (kara), केरा (kerā), केरी (kerī)[3] (indicating genitive of possession)
- Old Gujarati: केर (kera)

Applied to only pronouns (Forms with -ār- can either be attributed to contamination with forms like 𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸𑀡𑀁 (amhāṇaṃ, “our”, genitive of 𑀅𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (amhe)), or to an unattested non-metathesized alternative form *𑀓𑀸𑀭 (*kāra), or some other phenomena[4]):

Gurjar Apabhramsa: महारउं, तुहारउं, अम्हारउं, तुम्हारउं
- Old Gujarati: महारउं (mahāraüṃ), तुहारउं (tuhāraüṃ), अम्हारउं (amhāraüṃ), तुम्हारउं (tumhāraüṃ)
  - Gujarati: મારું (mārũ, “my”), તારું (tārũ, “thy, your”), અમારું (amārũ, “our”), તમારું (tamārũ, “your”)
Sauraseni Apabhramsa: मेरय (meraya), तेरय (teraya), अम्हारय (amhāraya), तुम्हारय (tumhāraya)
- Old Hindi: मेरा (merā), तेरा (terā), हमारा (hamārā) (with metathesis), तुम्हारा (tumhārā)
  - Hindi: मेरा (merā, “my”), तेरा (terā, “thy, your”), हमारा (hamārā, “our”), तुम्हारा (tumhārā, “your”)
  - Urdu: میرا (merā), تیرا (terā), ہَمارا (hamārā), تُمْہارا (tumhārā)
- Punjabi: ਮੇਰਾ (merā), ਤੇਰਾ (terā)
- Nepali: मेरो (mero), तेरो (tero), हाम्रो (hāmro), तिम्रो (timro)
- Romani: miro, tiro, amaro, tumaro

References

Hercus, Luise (1991) Collected articles of LA Schwarzschild on Indo-Aryan 1953-1979, Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University, →ISBN, pages 12-14
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kāryà”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
Jaroslav Strnad (2013) Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī : Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr Vānī Poems From Rājasthān (Brill's Indological Library; 45), Leiden, →OCLC, page 326
Schwarzschild, L. A. (1954). The Possessive Adjectives of Late Prakrit. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 3/4, 127–136. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25222719

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[1] Hercus, Luise (1991) Collected articles of LA Schwarzschild on Indo-Aryan 1953-1979, Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University, →ISBN, pages 12-14

[2] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kāryà”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

[3] Jaroslav Strnad (2013) Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī : Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr Vānī Poems From Rājasthān (Brill's Indological Library; 45), Leiden, →OCLC, page 326

[4] Schwarzschild, L. A. (1954). The Possessive Adjectives of Late Prakrit. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 3/4, 127–136. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25222719