長沙

See also: 长沙

Chinese

		long; length; forever long; length; forever; always; constantly; chief; head; elder; to grow; to develop	granule; hoarse; raspy granule; hoarse; raspy; sand; powder; tsar
trad. (長沙)		長	沙
simp. (长沙)		长	沙

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Chángshā

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ ㄕㄚ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): coeng⁴ saa¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ciang³ sa¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Chhòng-sâ

(Meixian, Guangdong): cong² sa¹
Eastern Min (BUC): Diòng-să
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Tiông-sa / Tiâng-see / Tn̂g-soa

(Teochew, Peng'im): ciang⁵ sa¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶zan-so
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhan² sa¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Chángshā
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ ㄕㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Chángsha
  - Wade–Giles: Chʻang²-sha¹
  - Yale: Cháng-shā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Charngsha
  - Palladius: Чанша (Čanša)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: coeng⁴ saa¹
  - Yale: chèuhng sā
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng⁴ saa¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: cêng⁴ sa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ciang³ sa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiaŋ²² sa³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chhòng-sâ
  - Hakka Romanization System: congˇ sa´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cong² sa¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: cong² sa¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Diòng-să
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ^(s-)na⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiông-sa
  - Tâi-lô: Tiông-sa
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diongsaf
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiâng-see
  - Tâi-lô: Tiâng-see
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tn̂g-soa
  - Tâi-lô: Tn̂g-sua
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dngsoaf
  - IPA (Taipei): /tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ciang⁵ sa¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiâng sa
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/
Wu
- (Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶zan-so
  - MiniDict: zan^去 so
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zan-so
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zã²² so⁴⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: zhan² sa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡san¹³ sa̠³³/

Middle Chinese: drjang srae

Rime
Character	長	沙
Reading #	1/3	1/2
Initial (聲)	澄 (11)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	直良切	所加切
Baxter	drjang	srae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɖɨɐŋ/	/ʃˠa/
Pan Wuyun	/ɖiɐŋ/	/ʃᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/ȡiɑŋ/	/ʃa/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɖɨaŋ/	/ʂaɨ/
Li Rong	/ȡiaŋ/	/ʃa/
Wang Li	/ȡĭaŋ/	/ʃa/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȡʱi̯aŋ/	/ʂa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cháng	shā
Expected Cantonese Reflex	coeng⁴	saa¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-[N]-traŋ sˤraj/

(Zhengzhang): /*daŋ sraːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	長	沙
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	cháng	shā
Middle Chinese	‹ drjang ›	‹ sræ ›
Old Chinese	/*Cə-[N]-traŋ/	/*sˁraj/
English	long (adj.)	sand
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	長	沙
Reading #	2/3	1/2
No.	1276	11025
Phonetic component	長	沙
Rime group	陽	歌
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	長	鯊
Old Chinese	/*daŋ/	/*sraːl/

Proper noun

長沙

(～市) Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)
(～縣) Changsha (a county of Changsha, Hunan, China)
(historical) Changsha (a former island in the Yangtze estuary in eastern China, now part of Chongming Island)
Short for 長沙傅／长沙傅.
(～鎮) Changsha (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)
(～鄉) Changsha (a township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)
(～村) Changsha (a village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

Synonyms

(city): 臨湘／临湘 (Línxiāng) (historical)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (長沙):

→ Japanese: 長(ちょう)沙(さ) (Chōsa)
→ Korean: 장사(長沙) (Jangsa)
→ Vietnamese: Trường Sa (長沙)

Others:

→ English: Changsha, Ch'ang-sha
→ Korean: 창사 (Changsa)
→ Russian: Чанша́ (Čanšá)
→ Zhuang: Cangzsah

Japanese

Kanji in this term
長	沙
ちょう Grade: 2	さ Grade: S
on’yomi

Etymology

From Chinese 長沙／长沙 (Chángshā).

Proper noun

長(ちょう)沙(さ) • (Chōsa) ^{←ちやうさ (tyausa)^?}

Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)
Changsha (a county of Changsha, Hunan, China)
(historical) Changsha (a former island in the Yangtze estuary in eastern China, now part of Chongming Island)
Changsha (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)
Changsha (a township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)
Changsha (a village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
長	沙

Proper noun

長沙

chữ Hán form of Trường Sa (“Trường Sa”).

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