苦寒
Chinese
bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful |
cold; poor; to tremble | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (苦寒) | 苦 | 寒 | |
| simp. #(苦寒) | 苦 | 寒 | |
Pronunciation
Synonyms
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
- 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
- 困窮／困穷 (kùnqióng)
- 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
- 困難／困难
- 困頓／困顿 (kùndùn)
- 宋凶 (Hokkien)
- 散 (Hokkien)
- 散凶 (Hokkien)
- 散赤 (Hokkien)
- 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
- 清貧／清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
- 磽／硗 (Teochew)
- 䆀康 (Hokkien)
- 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
- 窄
- 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
- 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
- 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
- 窮／穷 (qióng)
- 窮乏／穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
- 窮困／穷困 (qióngkùn)
- 窮㾪／穷㾪 (Hokkien)
- 窮苦／穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
- 窮赤／穷赤 (Hokkien)
- 艱苦／艰苦 (Hokkien)
- 貧乏／贫乏 (pínfá)
- 貧困／贫困 (pínkùn)
- 貧寒／贫寒 (pínhán)
- 貧瘠／贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
- 貧窮／贫穷 (pínqióng)
- 貧苦／贫苦 (pínkǔ)
Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 貧, 窮 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒 | |
| Mandarin | Taiwan | 窮, 貧窮 |
| Yantai (Muping) | 窮 | |
| Luoyang | 窮 | |
| Wanrong | 窮 | |
| Xi'an | 窮 | |
| Yinchuan | 窮 | |
| Chengdu | 苦寒 | |
| Nanjing | 窮 | |
| Singapore | 窮, 貧窮, 窮苦 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 窮 |
| Hong Kong | 窮 | |
| Taishan | 窮 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 窮 |
| Pingxiang | 窮 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 窮 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 窮 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 窮無 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 窮 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 |
| Quanzhou | 宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 | |
| Hui'an | 窮赤 | |
| Zhangzhou | 宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤 | |
| Tainan | 散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦 | |
| Raoping | 磽 | |
| Shantou | 窮, 磽 | |
| Jieyang | 窮, 磽 | |
| Leizhou | 窮, 蒯 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 窮 |
| Suzhou | 窮 | |
| Danyang | 窮 | |
| Hangzhou | 窮 | |
| Jinhua | 倒灶 | |
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