拂菻

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (拂菻)		拂	菻
simp. ^#(拂菻)		拂	菻

Etymology

Unknown. A review of the etymological proposals for this word has been written by Zhang Xushan, favoring a derivation from Sogdian [script needed] (frwm /⁠frūm⁠/), [script needed] (βrʾwm /⁠frūm, frōm⁠/, “Rome, Byzantium”) or Khwarezmian [script needed] (frōm), which are akin to Parthian frwm (Frōm), Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬 (Hrōm, “Rome; Byzantine”), and Old Armenian Հռովմ (Hṙovm), all of which are ultimately from Ancient Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē), itself originally from Latin Roma, which would thus make it a doublet of 羅馬／罗马 (Luómǎ).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Fúlǐn

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄨˊ ㄌㄧㄣˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fat¹ lam⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Fúlǐn
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˊ ㄌㄧㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Fúlǐn
  - Wade–Giles: Fu²-lin³
  - Yale: Fú-lǐn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Fwuliin
  - Palladius: Фулинь (Fulinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fu³⁵ lin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fat¹ lam⁴
  - Yale: fāt làhm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fat⁷ lam⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: fed¹ lem⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

Middle Chinese: phjut limX

Rime
Character	拂	菻
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	滂 (2)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	物 (60)	侵 (139)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	敷勿切	力稔切
Baxter	phjut	limX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pʰɨut̚/	/liɪm^X/
Pan Wuyun	/pʰiut̚/	/lim^X/
Shao Rongfen	/pʰiuət̚/	/ljem^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pʰut̚/	/lim^X/
Li Rong	/pʰiuət̚/	/liəm^X/
Wang Li	/pʰĭuət̚/	/lĭĕm^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/pʰi̯uət̚/	/li̯əm^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fu	lǐn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fat¹	lam⁵

Proper noun

拂菻

(obsolete) Byzantium

Synonyms

拜占庭 (Bàizhàntíng)

References

Gharib, B. (1995) “frwm”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 156a
Gharib, B. (1995) “βrʾwm”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 107b

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