悲觀主義

See also: 悲观主义 and 悲観主義

Chinese

		pessimistic	doctrine; ideology; -ism doctrine; ideology; -ism; position; stance
trad. (悲觀主義)		悲觀	主義
simp. (悲观主义)		悲观	主义

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bēiguānzhǔyì

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄟㄍㄨㄢㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bei¹ gun¹ zyu² ji⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bēiguānzhǔyì
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄟㄍㄨㄢㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: beiguanjhǔyì
  - Wade–Giles: pei¹-kuan¹-chu³-i⁴
  - Yale: bēi-gwān-jǔ-yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: beiguanjuuyih
  - Palladius: бэйгуаньчжуи (bɛjguanʹčžui)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /peɪ̯⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bei¹ gun¹ zyu² ji⁶
  - Yale: bēi gūn jyú yih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bei¹ gun¹ dzy² ji⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: béi¹ gun¹ ju² yi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pei̯⁵⁵ kuːn⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²²/

Noun

悲觀主義

pessimism

Antonyms

樂觀主義／乐观主义 (lèguān zhǔyì)

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