寡助

Chinese

		few; widowed	to help; to assist
simp. and trad. (寡助)		寡	助

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): guǎzhù

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄚˇ ㄓㄨˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gwaa² zo⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: guǎzhù
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄚˇ ㄓㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: guǎjhù
  - Wade–Giles: kua³-chu⁴
  - Yale: gwǎ-jù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goajuh
  - Palladius: гуачжу (guačžu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gwaa² zo⁶
  - Yale: gwá joh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gwaa² dzo⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: gua² zo⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷaː³⁵ t͡sɔː²²/

Middle Chinese: kwaeX dzrjoH

Rime
Character	寡	助
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	崇 (20)
Final (韻)	麻 (99)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	II	III
Fanqie	古瓦切	牀據切
Baxter	kwaeX	dzrjoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠua^X/	/d͡ʒɨʌ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷᵚa^X/	/ɖ͡ʐiɔ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kua^X/	/d͡ʒiɔ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwaɨ^X/	/ɖ͡ʐɨə̆^H/
Li Rong	/kua^X/	/d͡ʒiɔ^H/
Wang Li	/kwa^X/	/d͡ʒĭo^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kwa^X/	/ɖ͡ʐʱi̯wo^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guǎ	zhù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwaa²	zo⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.k]ʷˤraʔ [dz]ra-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʷraːʔ zras/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	寡	助
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guǎ	zhù
Middle Chinese	‹ kwæ^X ›	‹ dzrjo^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[C.k]ʷˁraʔ/	/*[dz]ra-s/
English	few	help (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	寡	助
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4400	10457
Phonetic component	寡	且
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	寡	助
Old Chinese	/*kʷraːʔ/	/*zras/

Noun

寡助

(literary) finding little support; paucity of support
- 得道者多助，失道者寡助。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Dédào zhě duōzhù, shīdào zhě guǎzhù. [Pinyin]
  He who finds the proper course has many to assist him. He who loses the proper course has few to assist him.
- 這個特點的具體反映是日本的退步和寡助，中國的進步和多助。 [MSC, trad.]
  这个特点的具体反映是日本的退步和寡助，中国的进步和多助。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1938, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《論持久戰》 (On Protracted War), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
  Zhège tèdiǎn de jùtǐ fǎnyìng shì Rìběn de tuìbù hé guǎzhù, Zhōngguó de jìnbù hé duōzhù. [Pinyin]
  These characteristics are concretely reflected in Japan's retrogression and paucity of support and in China's progress and abundance of support.

Derived terms

失道寡助 (shīdàoguǎzhù)

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