to be; thus; so to be; thus; so; therefore; then; only; thereupon |
today; modern; present today; modern; present; current; this; now | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (乃今) | 乃 | 今 | |
| simp. #(乃今) | 乃 | 今 | |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 乃 | 今 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 奴亥切 | 居吟切 |
| Baxter | nojX | kim |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/nʌiX/ | /kˠiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/nəiX/ | /kᵚim/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/nɒiX/ | /kiem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/nəjX/ | /kjim/ |
| Li Rong |
/nᴀiX/ | /kjəm/ |
| Wang Li |
/nɒiX/ | /kĭĕm/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/nɑ̆iX/ | /ki̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
nǎi | jīn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
noi5 | gam1 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 乃 | 今 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
nǎi | jīn |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ nojX › | ‹ kim › |
| Old Chinese |
/*nˁəʔ/ | /*[k]r[ə]m/ |
| English | then | now |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 乃 | 今 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 9337 | 6599 |
| Phonetic component |
乃 | 今 |
| Rime group |
之 | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
乃 | 金 |
| Old Chinese |
/*nɯːʔ/ | /*krɯm/ |
| Notes | 文源謂含初文 | |