हुनु
Nepali
Etymology
Inherited from Khasa Prakrit [Term?] (compare Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀪𑁄𑀤𑀺 (bhodi)), from Sanskrit भवति (bhavati, “to happen, to become”). Cognate with Gujarati હોવું (hovũ), Hindi होना (honā), Marathi होणे (hoṇe), Punjabi ਹੋਣਾ (hoṇā).
Usage notes
This verb has two sets of forms. The हो (ho) set is used in sentences that equate two things, like त्यो किताब हो (tyo kitāb ho, “That is a book.”) The छ (cha) set is used in sentences that describe something, or locate where something is, like त्यो ठूलो छ (tyo ṭhūlo cha, “That is big.”)
Conjugation
Present-tense forms of हुनु [ɦunu, “to be”]
| Pronoun | हो [ɦo, “define/identify”] | छ [t͡sʰʌ, “describe/qualify”] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | ||
| 1st | म [mʌ] | हुँ [ɦũ] | होइन [ɦoinʌ] | छुँ [t͡sʰũ] | छैन [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌ] |
| 2nd resp. | तपाईं [t̪ʌpäĩ] | हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ] | हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ] | हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ] | हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ] |
| 2nd intim. | तिमी [t̪imi] | हौ [ɦʌu̯] | होइनौ [ɦoinʌu̯] | छौ [t͡sʰʌu̯] | छैनौ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌu̯] |
| 3rd low-resp. | यो [jo] / त्यो [t̪jo] | हो [ɦo] | होइन [ɦoinʌ] | छ [t͡sʰʌ] | छैन [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌ] |
| 3rd high-resp. | वहाँ [wä̤ː] | हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ] | हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ] | हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ] | हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ] |
Conjugation of हुनु [ɦunu]
| Information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary stem | हु- [ɦu-] | |||
| Secondary stem | हो- [ɦo-] | |||
| Conjugation type | 3rd conjugation: vowel-ending stem, irregular. | |||
| Derivatives | ||||
| I-stem (Passive) |
भइनु [bʱʌinu] | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||
| Infinitives | हुनु [ɦunu] हुन [ɦunʌ] | |||
| Participles | Affirmative (+) | Negative (–) | ||
| Conjunctive | भएर [bʱʌeɾʌ] भई [bʱʌi] भईकन [bʱʌikʌnʌ] |
नभएर [nʌbʱʌeɾʌ] | ||
| 1st Perfect | m. sing. |
भएको [bʱʌeko] |
नभएको [nʌbʱʌeko] | |
| f. sing. | भएकी [bʱʌeki] | नभएकी [nʌbʱʌeki] | ||
| pl. |
भएका [bʱʌekä] |
नभएका [nʌbʱʌekä] | ||
| high-resp. |
हुनुभएको [ɦunubʱʌeko] |
नहुनुभएको [nʌɦunubʱʌeko] | ||
| 2nd Perfect | normal | भए [bʱʌe] | नभए [nʌbʱʌe] | |
| high-resp. |
हुनुभए [ɦunubʱʌe] |
नहुनुभए [nʌɦunubʱʌe] | ||
| Imperfect | normal | हुदा [ɦud̪ä] हुदै [ɦud̪ʌi̯] हुदो [ɦud̪o] |
नहुदा [nʌɦud̪ä] नहुदै [nʌɦud̪ʌi̯] नहुदो [nʌɦud̪o] | |
| high-resp. | हुनुहुँदा [ɦunuɦũd̪ä] हुनुहुँदै [ɦunuɦũd̪ʌi̯] हुनुहुँदो [ɦunuɦũd̪o] |
नहुनुहुँदा [nʌɦunuɦũd̪ä] नहुनुहुँदै [nʌɦunuɦũd̪ʌi̯] नहुनुहुँदो [nʌɦunuɦũd̪o] | ||
| Infinitival | normal |
हुने [ɦune] |
नहुने [nʌɦune] | |
| high-resp. | हुनुहुने [ɦunuɦune] | नहुनुहुने [nʌɦunuɦune] | ||
| Absolutive | भइ [bʱʌi] | |||
Conjugation of हुनु [ɦunu]
* Yellow background indicates irregularity.
| Finite forms of | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 2nd & 3rd | ||||||||||||
| Pronoun | म SING. |
हामी PL. |
तँ LOW-RESP. SING. |
तिमी MID-RESP. |
ऊ LOW-RESP. SING. |
उनी MID-RESP. |
तपाईं/उहाँ HIGH-RESP. | |||||||||
| m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | |||||
| Present | + | हुन्छु [ɦunt͡sʰu] | हुन्छौँ [ɦunt͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯] | हुन्छस् [ɦunt͡sʰʌs] | हुन्छेस् [ɦunt͡sʰes] | हुन्छौ [ɦunt͡sʰʌu̯] | हुन्छ्यौ [ɦunt͡sʰeu̯] | हुन्छ [ɦunt͡sʰʌ] | हुन्छे [ɦunt͡sʰe] | हुन्छन् [ɦunt͡sʰʌn] | हुन्छिन् [ɦunt͡sʰin] | हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ] | ||||
| – | हुँदिनँ [ɦũd̪inʌ̃] | हुँदैनौँ [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯] | हुँदैनस [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌs] | हुँदिनेस् [ɦũd̪ines] | हुँदैनौ [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌu̯] | हुँदिनौ [ɦũd̪inʌu̯] | हुँदैन [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌ] | हुँदिने [ɦũd̪ine] | हुँदैनन् [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌn] | हुँदिनन् [ɦũd̪inʌn] | हुनुहुँदैन [ɦunuɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌ] | |||||
| हुन्नँ [ɦunnʌ̃] | हुन्नौँ [ɦunnʌ̃ũ̯] | हुन्नस् [ɦunnʌs] | हुन्नेस् [ɦunnes] | हुन्नौ [ɦunnʌu̯] | हुन्न्यौ [ɦunneu̯] | हुन्न [ɦunnʌ] | हुन्ने [ɦunne] | हुन्नन् [ɦunnʌn] | हुन्निन [ɦunninʌ] | हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ] | ||||||
| Past | Simple | + | भएँ [bʱʌẽ] | भयौँ [bʱʌẽũ̯] | भइस् [bʱʌis] | भयौ [bʱʌeu̯] | भयो [bʱʌjo] | भई [bʱʌi] | भए [bʱʌe] | भइन् [bʱʌin] | हुनुभयो [ɦunubʱʌjo] | |||||
| – | भइनँ [bʱʌinʌ̃] | भएनौँ [bʱʌenʌ̃ũ̯] | भएनस् [bʱʌenʌs] | भइनेस [bʱʌines] | भएनौ [bʱʌenʌu̯] | भएन [bʱʌenʌ] | भइने [bʱʌine] | भएनन् [bʱʌenʌn] | भइनन् [bʱʌinʌn] | हुनुभएन [ɦunubʱʌenʌ] | ||||||
| Habitual | + | हुन्थेँ [ɦun̪t̪ʰẽ] | हुन्थ्यौँ [ɦun̪t̪ʰẽũ̯] | हुन्थिस् [ɦun̪t̪ʰis] | हुन्थ्यौ [ɦun̪t̪ʰeu̯] | हुन्थ्यो [ɦun̪t̪ʰjo] | हुन्थी [ɦun̪t̪ʰi] | हुन्थे [ɦun̪t̪ʰe] | हुन्थिन् [ɦun̪t̪ʰin] | हुनुहुन्थो [ɦunuɦun̪t̪ʰo] | ||||||
| – | हुँदिनथेँ [ɦũd̪inʌt̪ʰẽ] | हुँदैनथ्यौँ [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰẽũ̯] | हुँदैनथिस् [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰis] | हुँदिनथिस् [ɦũd̪inʌt̪ʰis] | हुँदैनथ्यौ [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰeu̯] | हुँदिनथ्यौ [ɦũd̪inʌt̪ʰeu̯] | हुँदैनथ्यो [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰjo] | हुँदैनथी [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰi] | हुँदैनथे [ɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰe] | हुँदिनथिन् [ɦũd̪inʌt̪ʰin] | हुनुहुँदैनथ्यो [ɦunuɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰjo] | |||||
| – | हुन्नथेँ [ɦunnʌt̪ʰẽ] | हुन्नथ्यौँ [ɦunnʌt̪ʰẽũ̯] | हुन्नथिस् [ɦunnʌt̪ʰis] | हुन्नथ्यौ [ɦunnʌt̪ʰeu̯] | हुन्नथ्यो [ɦunnʌt̪ʰjo] | हुन्नथी [ɦunnʌt̪ʰi] | हुन्नथे [ɦunnʌt̪ʰe] | हुन्नथिन् [ɦunnʌt̪ʰin] | हुनुहुन्नथ्यो [ɦunuɦunnʌt̪ʰjo] | |||||||
| Unknown | + | भएछु [bʱʌet͡sʰu] | भइछु [bʱʌit͡sʰu] | भएछौँ [bʱʌet͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯] | भएछस् [bʱʌet͡sʰʌs] | भइछेस् [bʱʌit͡sʰes] | भएछौ [bʱʌet͡sʰʌu̯] | भएछ [bʱʌet͡sʰʌ] | भइछे [bʱʌit͡sʰe] | भएछन् [bʱʌet͡sʰʌn] | भइछिन् [bʱʌit͡sʰin] | हुनुभएछ [ɦunubʱʌet͡sʰʌ] | ||||
| – | भएनछु [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰu] | भइनछु [bʱʌinʌt͡sʰu] | भएनछौँ [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯] | भएनछस् [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌs] | भइनछेस् [bʱʌinʌt͡sʰes] | भएनछौ [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌu̯] | भएनछ [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌ] | भइनछे [bʱʌinʌt͡sʰe] | भएनछन् [bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌn] | भइनछिन् [bʱʌinʌt͡sʰin] | हुनुभएनछ [ɦunubʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌ] | |||||
| Future | Definite | + | हुनेछु [ɦunet͡sʰu] | हुनेछौँ [ɦunet͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯] | हुनेछस् [ɦunet͡sʰʌs] | हुनेछेस् [ɦunet͡sʰes] | हुनेछौ [ɦunet͡sʰʌu̯] | हुनेछ्यौ [ɦunet͡sʰeu̯] | हुनेछ [ɦunet͡sʰʌ] | हुनेछे [ɦunet͡sʰe] | हुनेछन् [ɦunet͡sʰʌn] | हुनेछिन् [ɦunet͡sʰin] | हुनुहुनेछ [ɦunuɦunet͡sʰʌ] | |||
| – | हुनेछैनँ [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃] | हुनेछैनौँ [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯] | हुनेछैनस् [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌs] | हुनेछैनेस् [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nes] | हुनेछैनौ [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌu̯] | हुनेछैन [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ] | हुनेछैनन् [ɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌn] | हुनुहुनेछैन [ɦunuɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ] | ||||||||
| Indefinite | + | हुउँला [ɦuũlä] | हुउँली [ɦuũli] | होऔँला [ɦoʌ̃ũ̯lä] | होलास् [ɦoläs] | होलिस् [ɦolis] | होऔला [ɦoʌu̯lä], होलाउ [ɦoläu] |
होऔली [ɦoʌu̯li], होलेउ [ɦoleu] |
होला [ɦolä] | होली [ɦoli] | होलान् [ɦolän], होनन् [ɦonʌn] | होलिन् [ɦolin], होनिन् [ɦonin] | हुनुहोला [ɦunuɦolä] | |||
| – | होओइनँ [ɦooinʌ̃] | होओइनौँ [ɦooinʌ̃ũ̯] | होओइनस् [ɦooinʌs] | होओइनौ [ɦooinʌu̯] | होओइन [ɦooinʌ] | होओइनन् [ɦooinʌn] | हुनुहोओइन [ɦunuɦooinʌ] | |||||||||
| नहुउँला [nʌɦuũlä] | नहुउँली [nʌɦuũli] | नहोऔँला [nʌɦoʌ̃ũ̯lä] | नहोलास् [nʌɦoläs] | नहोलिस् [nʌɦolis] | नहोऔला [nʌɦoʌu̯lä], नहोलाउ [nʌɦoläu] |
नहोऔली [nʌɦoʌu̯li], नहोलेउ [nʌɦoleu] |
नहोला [nʌɦolä] | नहोली [nʌɦoli] | नहोलान् [nʌɦolän], नहोनन् [nʌɦonʌn] | नहोलिन् [nʌɦolin], नहोनिन् [nʌɦonin] | नहुनुहोला [nʌɦunuɦolä] | |||||
| Injunctive | + | हुऊँ [ɦuũ], होऊँ [ɦoũ] | होऔँ [ɦoʌ̃ũ̯], होऊँ [ɦoũ] | भइ [bʱʌi], भएस् [bʱʌes] | भऊ [bʱʌu], भओ [bʱʌo], भए [bʱʌe] | होओस् [ɦoos] | होऊन् [ɦoun] | हुनुहोओस् [ɦunuɦoos] | ||||||||
| – | नहुऊँ [nʌɦuũ], नहोऊँ [nʌɦoũ] | नहोऔँ [nʌɦoʌ̃ũ̯], नहोऊँ [nʌɦoũ] | नभइ [nʌbʱʌi], नभएस् [nʌbʱʌes] | नभऊ [nʌbʱʌu], नभओ [nʌbʱʌo], नभए [nʌbʱʌe] | नहोओस् [nʌɦoos] | नहोऊन् [nʌɦoun] | नहुनुहोओस् [nʌɦunuɦoos] | |||||||||
| Imperative | + | — | — | भइ [bʱʌi] | भऊ [bʱʌu], भओ [bʱʌo] | — | — | हुनुहोस् [ɦunuɦos], हुनोस् [ɦunos] | ||||||||
| – | — | — | नभइ [nʌbʱʌi] | नभऊ [nʌbʱʌu], नभओ [nʌbʱʌo] | — | — | नहुनुहोस् [nʌɦunuɦos], नहुनोस् [nʌɦunos] | |||||||||
Conjugation of छ [t͡sʰʌ]
| Information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary stem | छ- [t͡sʰʌ-] | |||
| Secondary stem | ∅ | |||
| Conjugation type | 3rd conjugation: vowel-ending stem, irregular. | |||
| Derivatives | ||||
| I-stem (Passive) |
भइनु [bʱʌinu] | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||
| Infinitives | ∅ | |||
| Participles | Affirmative (+) | Negative (–) | ||
| Conjunctive | भएर [bʱʌeɾʌ] भई [bʱʌi] भईकन [bʱʌikʌnʌ] |
नभएर [nʌbʱʌeɾʌ] | ||
| 1st Perfect | m. sing. |
भएको [bʱʌeko] |
नभएको [nʌbʱʌeko] | |
| f. sing. | भएकी [bʱʌeki] | नभएकी [nʌbʱʌeki] | ||
| pl. |
भएका [bʱʌekä] |
नभएका [nʌbʱʌekä] | ||
| high-resp. |
∅ |
∅ | ||
| 2nd Perfect | normal | भए [bʱʌe] | नभए [nʌbʱʌe] | |
| high-resp. |
∅ |
∅ | ||
| Imperfect | normal | छदा [t͡sʰʌd̪ä] छदै [t͡sʰʌd̪ʌi̯] छदो [t͡sʰʌd̪o] |
नछदा [nʌt͡sʰʌd̪ä] नछदै [nʌt͡sʰʌd̪ʌi̯] नछदो [nʌt͡sʰʌd̪o] | |
| high-resp. | ∅ | ∅ | ||
| Infinitival | normal |
∅ |
∅ | |
| high-resp. | ∅ | ∅ | ||
| Absolutive | भइ [bʱʌi] | |||
Conjugation of छ [t͡sʰʌ]
* Yellow background indicates irregularity.
| Finite forms of | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 2nd & 3rd | |||||||||||
| Pronoun | म SING. |
हामी PL. |
तँ LOW-RESP. SING. |
तिमी MID-RESP. |
ऊ LOW-RESP. SING. |
उनी MID-RESP. |
तपाईं/उहाँ HIGH-RESP. | ||||||||
| m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | ||||
| Present | + | छु [t͡sʰu] | छौँ [t͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯] | छस् [t͡sʰʌs] | छेस् [t͡sʰes] | छौ [t͡sʰʌu̯] | छ्यौ [t͡sʰeu̯] | छ [t͡sʰʌ] | छे [t͡sʰe] | छन् [t͡sʰʌn] | छिन् [t͡sʰin] | हुनुहुन्छ [ɦunuɦunt͡sʰʌ] | |||
| – | छँदिनँ [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪inʌ̃] | छँदैनौँ [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯] | छँदैनस [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ʌi̯nʌs] | छँदिनेस् [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ines] | छँदैनौ [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ʌi̯nʌu̯] | छँदिनौ [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪inʌu̯] | छँदैन [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ʌi̯nʌ] | छँदिने [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ine] | छँदैनन् [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪ʌi̯nʌn] | छँदिनन् [t͡sʰʌ̃d̪inʌn] | छनुहुँदैन [t͡sʰʌnuɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌ] | ||||
| छैनँ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃] | छैनौँ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯] | छैनस [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌs] | छैनेस् [t͡sʰʌi̯nes] | छैनौ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌu̯] | छैनौ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌu̯] | छैन [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌ] | छैने [t͡sʰʌi̯ne] | छैनन् [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌn] | छैनन् [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌn] | हुनुहुन्न [ɦunuɦunnʌ] | |||||
| Past | Simple | + | थिएँ [t̪ʰiẽ] | थियौँ [t̪ʰiẽũ̯] | थिइस् [t̪ʰiis] | थियौ [t̪ʰieu̯] | थियो [t̪ʰijo] | थिई [t̪ʰii] | थिए [t̪ʰie] | थिइन् [t̪ʰiin] | छनुभयो [t͡sʰʌnubʱʌjo] | ||||
| – | थिइनँ [t̪ʰiinʌ̃] | थिएनौँ [t̪ʰienʌ̃ũ̯] | थिएनस् [t̪ʰienʌs] | थिइनेस [t̪ʰiines] | थिएनौ [t̪ʰienʌu̯] | थिएन [t̪ʰienʌ] | थिइने [t̪ʰiine] | थिएनन् [t̪ʰienʌn] | थिइनन् [t̪ʰiinʌn] | छनुभएन [t͡sʰʌnubʱʌenʌ] | |||||
| Habitual | + | थेँ [t̪ʰẽ] | थ्यौँ [t̪ʰẽũ̯] | थिस् [t̪ʰis] | थ्यौ [t̪ʰeu̯] | थ्यो [t̪ʰjo] | थी [t̪ʰi] | थे [t̪ʰe] | थिन् [t̪ʰin] | छनुथो [t͡sʰʌnut̪ʰo] | |||||
| – | छैनथेँ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰẽ] | छैनथ्यौँ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰẽũ̯] | छैनथिस् [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰis] | छैनथिस् [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰis] | छैनथ्यौ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰeu̯] | छैनथ्यौ [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰeu̯] | छैनथ्यो [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰjo] | छैनथी [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰi] | छैनथे [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰe] | छैनथिन् [t͡sʰʌi̯nʌt̪ʰin] | छनुहुनथ्यो [t͡sʰʌnuɦunʌt̪ʰjo] | ||||
| थिइनँ [t̪ʰiinʌ̃] | थिएनौँ [t̪ʰienʌ̃ũ̯] | थिएनस् [t̪ʰienʌs] | थिइनेस [t̪ʰiines] | थिएनौ [t̪ʰienʌu̯] | थिएन [t̪ʰienʌ] | थिइने [t̪ʰiine] | थिएनन् [t̪ʰienʌn] | थिइनन् [t̪ʰiinʌn] | छनुभएन [t͡sʰʌnubʱʌenʌ] | ||||||
| Unknown | + | थिएछु [t̪ʰiet͡sʰu] | थिइछु [t̪ʰiit͡sʰu] | थिएछौँ [t̪ʰiet͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯] | थिएछस् [t̪ʰiet͡sʰʌs] | थिइछेस् [t̪ʰiit͡sʰes] | थिएछौ [t̪ʰiet͡sʰʌu̯] | थिएछ [t̪ʰiet͡sʰʌ] | थिइछे [t̪ʰiit͡sʰe] | थिए [t̪ʰie] | थिइछिन् [t̪ʰiit͡sʰin] | छनुभएछ [t͡sʰʌnubʱʌet͡sʰʌ] | |||
| – | थिएनछु [t̪ʰienʌt͡sʰu] | थिइनछु [t̪ʰiinʌt͡sʰu] | थिएनछौँ [t̪ʰienʌt͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯] | थिएनछस् [t̪ʰienʌt͡sʰʌs] | थिइनछेस् [t̪ʰiinʌt͡sʰes] | थिएनछौ [t̪ʰienʌt͡sʰʌu̯] | थिएनछ [t̪ʰienʌt͡sʰʌ] | थिइनछे [t̪ʰiinʌt͡sʰe] | थिएन [t̪ʰienʌ] | थिइनछिन् [t̪ʰiinʌt͡sʰin] | छनुभएनछ [t͡sʰʌnubʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌ] | ||||
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