मा

See also: माँ, मां, मैं, म, में, मी, and मा़

Garhwali

Verb

मा (mā) (transitive)

have
मेमा यअक किताब न्ही च।
memā yaak kitāb nhī ca.
I don't have a book.

Nepali

Etymology

Ultimately from Sanskrit मध्य (madhya), cognate with Hindi में (mẽ).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [mä]

Phonetic Devanagari: मा

Postposition

मा • (mā)

in, at, on

Newar

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ma]

Noun

मा • (mā) ? (Newa Spelling 𑐩𑐵)

plant

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

মা (Assamese script)
ᬫᬵ (Balinese script)
মা (Bengali script)
𑰦𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀫𑀸 (Brahmi script)
မာ (Burmese script)
મા (Gujarati script)
ਮਾ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌮𑌾 (Grantha script)
ꦩꦴ (Javanese script)
𑂧𑂰 (Kaithi script)
ಮಾ (Kannada script)
មា (Khmer script)
ມາ (Lao script)
മാ (Malayalam script)
ᠮᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
𑘦𑘰 (Modi script)
ᠮᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑧆𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
𑐩𑐵 (Newa script)
ମା (Odia script)
ꢪꢵ (Saurashtra script)
𑆩𑆳 (Sharada script)
𑖦𑖯 (Siddham script)
මා (Sinhalese script)
𑩴𑩛 (Soyombo script)
𑚢𑚭 (Takri script)
மா (Tamil script)
మా (Telugu script)
มา (Thai script)
མཱ (Tibetan script)
𑒧𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
𑨢𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /mɑ́ː/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /mɑː/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *maH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maH, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (prohibitive particle). Cognate with Albanian mo (“do not”), Ancient Greek μή (mḗ, “not, do not”), Old Armenian մի (mi, “no, not”), Avestan 𐬨𐬁 (mā), Old Persian 𐎶𐎠 (m-a /⁠mā⁠/) (whence Persian (ma-)).[1]

Particle

मा • (mā́)

don't (prohibitive particle)
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.5.10:
  मा नो॒ मर्ता॑ अ॒भि द्रु॑हन्।
  त॒नूना॑मिंद्र गिर्वणः।
  ईशा॑नो यवया व॒धम्॥
  mā́ no mártā abhí druhan
  tanū́nām indra girvaṇaḥ
  ī́śāno yavayā vadhám
  O Indra, thou who lovest song,
  do not let any man hurt our bodies.
  Keep slaughter far from us for thou canst.

Derived terms

माकिम् (mākim)
माकिस् (mākis)

Descendants

Terms inherited from मा (mā́)

Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸 (mā)
- Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸 (mā)
  - Old Bengali: মা (mā)
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Gurjar Apabhramsa:
      - Old Gujarati: म (ma)
    - Romani: ma
  - Takka Apabhramsa:
    - ⇒ Old Punjabi: ਮਖਟੂ (makhaṭū /⁠makhaṭṭū⁠/, “not earning, idle”, adjective), ਮਚਾਂਗਵਾ (macāṁgavā /⁠macāṁgavāṁ⁠/, “not good, bad”, adjective)
  - Vracada Apabhramsa:
    - Sindhi:
      Arabic script: م
      Devanagari script: म
- ⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀇𑀅 (māia), 𑀫𑀸𑀇 (māi), 𑀫𑀇𑀅 (maïa)
- ⇒ Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀢 (maṃta)
  - Takka Apabhramsa:
    - Old Punjabi: ਮਤ (mata), ਮਤਿ (mati), ਮਤੁ (matu)
      - Punjabi: mat
        Gurmukhi script: ਮਤ
        Shahmukhi script: مَت
  - Vracada Apabhramsa:
    - Sindhi:
      Arabic script: مَتان, مَتَڻ, مَتُڻِ
      Devanagari script: मतां, मतण, मतुणि
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
      - Hindustani: mat
        Hindi: मत
        Urdu: مَت (mat)
Dardic:
- Kalasha: mo
- Kashmiri: مَہ (mah)
Gandhari: 𐨨 (ma)
Pali: mā

Etymology 2

Shortened from माम् (mā́m).

Pronoun

मा • (mā)

(enclitic) accusative singular of अहम् (ahám)

Etymology 3

Onomatopoeic; compare मय (maya, “horse”) and मयु (mayu, “antelope, deer”), which are probably connected to the root, as well as similar formations throughout Indo-European such as Ancient Greek μῐνῠρῐ́ζω (minurízō, “to whimper, warble”).[2]

Root

मा • (mā)

to sound, bellow, bleat

Derived terms

Primary Verbal Forms

मिमाति (mímāti, Present)
मिमाय (mimā́ya, Perfect)

Non-Finite Forms

मातवै (mātavai, Infinitive)

Derived Nominal Forms

मायु (māyú)

Etymology 4

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *maH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *maH-, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”).[3]

Root

मा • (mā)

to measure

Derived terms

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root मा‎ (0 c, 6 e)

Primary Verbal Forms

मिमीते (mímīte, Present)
माति (mā́ti, Present)
मायते (māyate, Present)
मास्यति (māsyáti, Future)
माता (mātā́, Periphrastic Future)
अमासि (ámāsi, Aorist)
अमासीत् (ámāsīt, Aorist)
ममौ (mamáu, Perfect)
ममे (mamé, Perfect)

Secondary Forms

मीयते (mīyáte, Passive)
अमायि (ámāyi, Passive Aorist)
मापयति (māpáyati, Causative)
अमीमपत् (ámīmapat, Causative Aorist)
मित्सति (mitsati, Desiderative)
मेमीयते (memīyate, Intensive)
मामाति (māmāti, Intensive)

Non-Finite Forms

मातुम् (mātum, Infinitive)
मितुम् (mitum, Infinitive)
मामे (māme, Infinitive)
मामै (māmái, Infinitive)
मित्वा (mitvā́, Gerund)
मीत्वा (mītvā́, Gerund)
माय (mā́ya, Gerundive)
मातव्य (mātavyá, Gerundive)
मित (mitá, Past Participle)

Derived Nominal Forms

म (ma)
मा (mā)
मान (mā́na)
मिति (miti)
मातृ (mā́tṛ)
मात्रा (mā́trā)
माया (māyā́)
मायु (māyú)
मास् (mā́s)
मास (māsa)
मस् (mas)
मेय (méya)
मित्सा (mitsā)
मापक (māpaka)
माप्य (māpya)
मापन (māpana)
अवमाय (avamāya)

Prefixed Root Forms

प्रतिमा (pratimā)
अनुमा (anumā)
उपमा (upamā)
निमा (nimā)
संमा (saṃmā)

Descendants

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root मा‎ (4 c, 0 e)

Etymology 5

From the above root.

Noun

मा • (mā) stem, f (root मा)

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of मा (mā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	माः mā́ḥ	मौ / मा¹ maú / mā́¹	माः mā́ḥ
Vocative	माः mā́ḥ	मौ / मा¹ maú / mā́¹	माः mā́ḥ
Accusative	माम् mā́m	मौ / मा¹ maú / mā́¹	माः / मः² mā́ḥ / máḥ²
Instrumental	मा mā́	माभ्याम् mā́bhyām	माभिः mā́bhiḥ
Dative	मे mé	माभ्याम् mā́bhyām	माभ्यः mā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	मः máḥ	माभ्याम् mā́bhyām	माभ्यः mā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	मः máḥ	मोः móḥ	मानाम् / माम्² mā́nām / mā́m²
Locative	मि mí	मोः móḥ	मासु mā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Perhaps

References

Monier Williams (1899) “मा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 804/1-2.
William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 119

Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 343
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 341
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 341-3

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[1] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 343

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 341

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 341-3