July 20
July 20 is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 164 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
Up to 1900
- 70 - Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of Vespasian, storms the fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.
- 1189 - Richard I of England is invested as Duke of Normandy.
- 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England takes control of Stirling Castle.
- 1402 - Ottoman-Timurid Wars: Battle of Ankara - Timur, ruler of the Timurid Empire, defeats the forces of Ottoman Empire Sultan, Bayezid I.
- 1592 - Japanese forces under Toyotomi Hideyoshi capture Pyongyang during their invasion of Korea, but ultimately fail to hold on to it.
- 1738 - Canadian explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye reaches the western shore of Lake Michigan.
- 1799 - Tekle Giyorgis I starts the first of his five reigns as Emperor of Ethiopia.
- 1807 - Nicéphore Niépce is given a patent by Napoleon Bonaparte for the Pyreolophore, the first internal combustion engine.
- 1810 – Citizens of Bogota, New Granada (in present-day Colombia), declare independence from Spain.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Peachtree Creek.
- 1866 - Austro-Prussian War: Battle of Lissa - The Austrian Navy, led by Wilhelm von Tegetthof, defeats the Italian Navy near the island of Vis in the Adriatic Sea.
- 1871 – British Columbia joins the Confederation of Canada.
- 1885 - The English Football Association allows professionalism in association football.
- 1898 – Spanish-American War: A boiler explodes on the USS Iowa, off the coast of Santiago de Cuba.
1901 – 2000
- 1903 – The Ford Motor company ships its first car.
- 1906 – Finland gives women the right to vote.
- 1917 – World War I: The Corfu Declaration, which leads to the creation of the postwar Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav committee and the Kingdom of Serbia.
- 1922 - The League of Nations awards mandates of Togoland to France and Tanganyika to the United Kingdom.
- 1924 – FIDE, the worldwide governing body of chess, is founded in Paris.
- 1935 - Switzerland: A Royal Dutch Airlines plane en route from Milan to Frankfurt crashes into a Swiss mountain, killing 13 people.
- 1940 - Denmark leaves the League of Nations.
- 1940 - California opens its first freeway.
- 1944 – The 20 July plot to kill Adolf Hitler fails.
- 1949 - Israel and Syria sign a truce to end their 19-month war.
- 1951 – King Abdullah I of Jordan is murdered by a Palestinian while attending Friday prayers in Jerusalem.
- 1954 - Otto John, head of West Germany's secret service, defects to East Germany.
- 1960 – In Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka), Sirimavo Bandaranaike is elected as the world's first female Prime Minister.
- 1961 - The French military breaks the Tunisian siege of Bizerte.
- 1968 – The Special Olympics are founded.
- 1969 – A ceasefire ends the 6-day Football War between Honduras and El Salvador.
- 1969 - Eddy Merckx wins his first Tour de France.
- 1969 – Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the Moon, becoming the first-ever humans to do so.
- 1974 – Cyprus dispute: The Turkish occupation of Cyprus begins.
- 1976 – The American Viking 1 lander successfully lands on Mars.
- 1977 - Johnstown, Pennsylvania is hit by a flash flood that kills 80 people.
- 1982 - In London, the Hyde Park and Regents Park bombings are carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army, killing 8 people and 7 horses. 47 people are injured.
- 1985 – The government of Aruba passes legislation to separate from the Netherlands Antilles.
- 1989 - Aung San Suu Kyi is put under house arrest by the Burmese military junta for the first time.
- 2000 – Leaders of Salt Lake City's bid to host the Winter Olympics, are indicted by a federal grand jury for bribery, fraud and racketeering.
From 2001
- 2001 - Italian activist Carlo Giuliani is shot dead by police during a demonstration against the G8 summit being held in Genoa.
- 2005 - Same-sex marriage is officially made legal in Canada.
- 2007 – Heavy rain causes flooding across England and Wales.
- 2012 - A gunman opens fire at a cinema in Aurora, Colorado during the screening of the new Batman movie. The shooting kills 12 people and 59 are reported injured.
- 2014 - The 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict goes through its deadliest day, with over 90 Palestinian civilians and 13 Israeli soldiers killed.
- 2015 - A suicide bombing in Suruc, Turkey, near the Syrian border, kills at least 30 people.
- 2015 - Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States are fully restored after 54 years of hostilities between the two countries.
- 2017 - O. J. Simpson is granted parole after serving nine years of a 33-year jail sentence for armed robbery.
Births
Up to 1900
- 356 BC – Alexander the Great, Macedonian king and conqueror of Persia (d. 323 BC)
- 810 - Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muslim scholar (d. 870)
- 1304 – Petrarch, Italian poet and scholar (d. 1374)
- 1519 – Pope Innocent IX (d. 1591)
- 1620 - Nikolaes Heinsius, Dutch scholar (d. 1681)
- 1757 – Garsevan Chavchavadze, Georgian diplomat and politician (d. 1811)
- 1762 - Jakob Haibel, Austrian composer, tenor and choirmaster (d. 1826)
- 1766 - Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, British peer, diplomat and art thief (d. 1841)
- 1785 - Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan (d. 1839)
- 1797 - Pawel Edmund Strzelecki, Polish explorer and geologist (d. 1873)
- 1804 - Richard Owen, British scientist (d. 1892)
- 1811 - James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, British colonial officer and diplomat (d. 1863)
- 1822 – Gregor Mendel, Austrian priest and geneticist (d. 1884)
- 1830 - Clements Markham, British explorer, writer and geographer (d. 1916)
- 1836 - Thomas Clifford Allbutt, English physician (d. 1925)
- 1838 - Augustin Daly, American playwright (d. 1899)
- 1838 - George Otto Trevelyan, English statesman and biographer (d. 1928)
- 1847 – Max Liebermann, German painter (d. 1935)
- 1849 - Robert Anderson Van Wyck, 91st Mayor of New York City (d. 1918)
- 1852 – Theo Heemskerk, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1932)
- 1859 - Otto Warburg, German botanist (d. 1938)
- 1864 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer (d. 1931)
- 1868 - Miron Cristea, Patriarch of Romania (d. 1939)
- 1868 - José Félix Uriburu, President of Argentina (d. 1932)
- 1873 - Alberto Santos-Dumont, Brazilian aviator (d. 1923)
- 1876 - Otto Blumenthal, German mathematician (d. 1944)
- 1889 - John Reith, 1st Baron Reith, British broadcaster (d. 1971)
- 1890 - Verna Felton, American actress (d. 1966)
- 1890 - Julie Vinter Hansen, Danish astronomer (d. 1960)
- 1890 - Giorgio Morandi, Italian painter and graphic artist (d. 1964)
- 1894 - Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1980)
- 1895 – László Moholy-Nagy, Hungarian artist (d. 1946)
- 1896 – Eunice Sanborn, American supercentenarian, officially the second-oldest person in the world (d. 2011)
- 1897 - Camillo Berneri, Italian writer, philosopher and anarchist (d. 1937)
- 1897 – Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-born chemist (d. 1996)
- 1900 - Maurice Leyland, English cricketer (d. 1967)
1901 – 1950
- 1910 – Mohamed Amin Didi, first President of the Maldives (d. 1954)
- 1914 - Dobri Dobrev, Bulgarian philanthropist (d. 2018)
- 1914 - Magda Frank, Hungarian-Argentinian sculptor (d. 2010)
- 1914 - Ersilio Tonini, Italian cardinal (d. 2013)
- 1919 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (d. 2008)
- 1920 – Elliot Richardson, American politician (d. 1999)
- 1922 - Alan Stephenson Boyd, American attorney and politician (d. 2020)
- 1924 - Tatyana Lioznova, Russian movie director (d. 2011)
- 1925 – Jacques Delors, French politician
- 1925 - Frantz Fanon, Afro-Caribbean psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary and writer (d. 1961)
- 1925 - Lola Albright, American actress (d. 2017)
- 1927 - Lyudmila Alexeyeva, Russian historian and activist (d. 2018)
- 1928 - Pavel Kohout, Austrian-Bohemian writer
- 1929 – Rajendra Kumar, Indian actor (d. 1999)
- 1930 – Chuck Daly, American basketball coach (d. 2009)
- 1930 – Heinz Kubsch, German footballer (d. 1993)
- 1932 – Nam June Paik, Korean video artist (d. 2006)
- 1932 – Otto Schily, German politician
- 1932 - Dick Giordano, American comic book artist and editor (d. 2010)
- 1933 – Cormac McCarthy, American writer
- 1933 - Rex Williams, English snooker player
- 1934 – Uwe Johnson, German writer (d. 1984)
- 1935 - Sleepy LaBeef, American musician
- 1936 - Alistair MacLeod, Canadian writer (d. 2014)
- 1937 - Ken Ogata, Japanese actor (d. 2008)
- 1938 – Roger Hunt, English footballer
- 1938 – Dame Diana Rigg, British actress
- 1938 – Heinz Strehl, German footballer (d. 1986)
- 1938 – Natalie Wood, American actress (d. 1981)
- 1939 – Judy Chicago, American artist
- 1943 - Chris Amon, New Zealand Formula One driver (d. 2016)
- 1943 - Willie Mathieson, Scottish footballer
- 1943 – Wendy Richard, English actress (d. 2009)
- 1944 - Mel Daniels, American basketball player (d. 2015)
- 1945 - Larry Craig, American politician
- 1946 - Htin Kyaw, former President of Myanmar
- 1947 – Gerd Binnig, German-born physicist
- 1947 – Carlos Santana, Mexican-American musician
- 1948 - Muse Watson, American actor
- 1950 - Edward Leigh, British politician
1951 – 1975
- 1951 - Larry Black, American athlete (d. 2006)
- 1953 – Dave Evans, Welsh-Australian singer (AC/DC)
- 1953 - Marcia Hines, American-Australian singer, actress and television personality
- 1953 - Dan Shaughnessy, American writer
- 1954 - Keith Scott, Canadian guitarist
- 1956 – Paul Cook, English musician (The Sex Pistols)
- 1956 - Julio César Falcioni, Argentine footballer
- 1958 – Billy Mays, American advertising figure (d. 2009)
- 1958 - Mick MacNeil, Scottish musician (Simple Minds)
- 1960 - Pedro Zerolo, Spanish lawyer and politician (d. 2014)
- 1962 - Carlos Alazraqui, American actor, producer and screenwriter
- 1963 - Paula Ivan, Romanian athlete
- 1963 - Alexander Zhulin, Russian ice dancer
- 1963 - John Simmit, British actor and stand-up comedian
- 1964 – Dean Winters, American actor
- 1964 - Terri Irwin, American naturalist
- 1964 - Chris Cornell, American singer and musician (d. 2017)
- 1965 - Abdourahman Waberi, Djiboutian writer
- 1966 - Anton du Beke, British ballroom dancer
- 1966 - Enrique Peña Nieto, President of Mexico
- 1966 - Stone Gossard, American musician
- 1967 - Courtney Taylor-Taylor, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Dandy Warhols)
- 1967 – Reed Diamond, American actor
- 1968 - Carlos Saldanha, Brazilian director
- 1969 – Josh Holloway, American actor
- 1969 - Tobi Vail, American musician
- 1971 - Sandra Oh, Canadian actress
- 1971 – DJ Screw, American DJ (d. 2000)
- 1973 – Peter Forsberg, Swedish ice hockey player
- 1973 – Haakon Magnus, Crown Prince of Norway
- 1973 – Claudio Reyna, American footballer
- 1973 - Roberto Orci, Mexican-American screenwriter and producer
- 1975 - Erik Hagen, Norwegian footballer
- 1975 - Rodolfo Arruabarrena, Argentine footballer
- 1975 - Birgitta Ohlsson, Swedish politician
From 1976
- 1977 – Alessandro Santos, Brazilian-Japanese footballer
- 1978 - Will Solomon, American basketball player
- 1978 - Nigel Quashie, British footballer
- 1979 – Miklos Feher, Hungarian footballer (d. 2004)
- 1980 – Gisele Bündchen, Brazilian model
- 1982 - Antoine Vermette, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1985 - John Francis Daley, American actor and screenwriter
- 1986 - Osric Chau, Canadian actor and martial artist
- 1987 - Nicola Benedetti, Scottish violinist
- 1987 - Niall McGinn, Northern Irish footballer
- 1988 – Julianne Hough, American dancer
- 1988 - Stephen Strasburg, American baseball player
- 1989 - Cristiano Pasquato, Italian footballer
- 1989 - Javier Cortés, Mexican footballer
- 1990 - Wendie Renard, French footballer
- 1991 - Philipp Reiter, German mountaineer and runner
- 1993 - Steven Adams, New Zealand basketball player
- 1993 - Alycia Debnam-Carey, Australian actress
- 1999 – Princess Alexandra of Hanover, Monegasque royalty
Deaths
Up to 1900
- 985 – Pope Boniface VII
- 1031 – King Robert II of France (b. 972)
- 1156 – Emperor Toba of Japan (1103)
- 1160 – Peter Lombard, French theologian (b. c. 1100)
- 1320 – King Oshin of Armenia (b. 1282)
- 1351 – Margaretha Ebner, German visionary (b.1291)
- 1387 – Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu (poisoned) (b. 1356)
- 1398 – Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, heir to the throne of England (b. 1374)
- 1453 – Enguerrand de Monstrelet, French chronicler (b. c. 400)
- 1454 – King John II of Castile (b. 1405)
- 1524 – Claude of France, queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1499)
- 1616 – Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Earl of Tyrone, Irish soldier (b. c. 1550)
- 1704 – Peregrine White, first English child born in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1620)
- 1752 – Johann Christoph Pepusch, German composer (b. 1667)
- 1793 - Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, French explorer (b. 1737)
- 1796 - John Houstoun, Governor of Georgia (b. 1744)
- 1816 – Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin, Russian poet (b. 1743)
- 1866 – Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician (b. 1826)
- 1870 – Jules de Goncourt, French writer (b. 1830)
- 1891 - Frederick Weld, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1823)
- 1897 – Jean Ingelow, English poet (b. 1820)
1901 – 2000
- 1901 – William Cosmo Monkhouse, English poet and critic (b. 1840)
- 1903 – Pope Leo XIII (b. 1810)
- 1908 – Demetrius Vikelas, Greek International Olympic Committee president (b. 1835)
- 1922 – Andrey Markov, Russian mathematician (b. 1856)
- 1923 – Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (b. 1878)
- 1926 – Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinskiy, head of the Soviet secret police (b. 1877)
- 1927 – King Ferdinand of Romania (b. 1865)
- 1932 - René Bazin, French writer (b. 1853)
- 1937 – Guglielmo Marconi, Italian inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1874)
- 1941 – Lew Fields, American vaudeville performer (b. 1867)
- 1942 - Germaine Dulac, French movie director (b. 1882)
- 1944 – Mildred Harris, American actress (b. 1901)
- 1945 – Paul Valéry, French writer and poet (b. 1871)
- 1951 – King Abdullah I of Jordan (b. 1882)
- 1951 – Friedrich Wilhelm Hohenzollern, Crown Prince of Germany (b. 1882)
- 1953 – Dumarsais Estimé, President of Haiti (b. 1900)
- 1953 – Jan Struther, British writer (b. 1901)
- 1955 - Calouste Gulbenkian, Armenian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1869)
- 1959 – William D. Leahy, American admiral (b. 1875)
- 1967 – Albert Lutuli, South African civil rights leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. c. 1898)
- 1970 - Iain Macleod, English politician (b. 1913)
- 1972 - Friedrich Flick, German industrialist and Nazi war criminal (b. 1893)
- 1973 – Bruce Lee, American actor and martial artist (b. 1940)
- 1982 – Okot p'Bitek, Ugandan poet (b. 1931)
- 1983 – Frank Reynolds, American television news anchor (b. 1923)
- 1986 - Stanley Rous, English FIFA President
- 1987 - Richard Egan, American actor (b. 1921)
- 1989 - Forrest H. Anderson, 17th Governor of Montana (b. 1920)
- 1990 – Herbert Jenkins, Atlanta's longest serving police chief (b. 1907)
- 1993 – Vincent Foster Jr., White House deputy counsel (b. 1945)
- 1997 – John Akii-Bua, Ugandan hurdler (b. 1949)
- 1999 – Sandra Gould, American actress (b. 1916)
From 2001
- 2001 – Carlo Giuliani, Italian anti-globalist demonstrator (b. 1978)
- 2003 – Nicolas Freeling, English writer (b. 1927)
- 2004 – Adi Lady Lala Mara, Fiji chieftainess, wife of Kamisese Mara (b. 1931)
- 2004 - Antonio Gades, Spanish dancer and choreographer (b. 1936)
- 2005 – James Doohan, Canadian-born actor (b. 1920)
- 2005 – Charles Chibitty, World War II Comanche code talker (b. 1921)
- 2005 – Finn Gustavsen, Norwegian politician (b. 1926)
- 2005 – Kayo Hatta, American movie director (b. 1958)
- 2005 – Alfred Hayes, British-born wrestling announcer (b. 1928)
- 2007 - Tammy Faye Messner, American televangelist (b. 1942)
- 2010 - Benedikt Gröndal, Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1924)
- 2011 – Lucian Freud, German-born British painter (b. 1922)
- 2013 - Helen Thomas, American journalist (b. 1920)
- 2014 - Kadhal Dhandapani, Indian actor (b. 1943)
- 2014 - Victor G. Atiyeh, American politician, 32nd Governor of Oregon (b. 1923)
- 2014 - Klaus Schmidt, German archaeologist (b. 1953)
- 2014 - Kadhal Dhandapani, Indian actor (b. 1943)
- 2014 - Panna Rittikrai, Thai martial arts choreographer, actor and director (b. 1961)
- 2015 - Dieter Moebius, Swiss-German electronic musician (b. 1944)
- 2016 - Radu Beligan, Romanian actor, director and essayist (b. 1918)
- 2016 - Dimitri, Swiss clown (b. 1935)
- 2016 - Mohammed Shahid, Indian field hockey player (b. 1960)
- 2016 - Pavel Sheremet, Belarusian journalist (b. 1971)
- 2017 - Marco Aurélio Garcia, Brazilian politician (b. 1941)
- 2017 - Chester Bennington, American singer and musician (Linkin Park) (b. 1976)
- 2017 - Bernhard Kempa, German handball player and coach (b. 1920)
- 2017 - Kenneth Jay Lane, American costume jewellery designer (b. 1932)
- 2017 - John McCluskey, Baron McCluskey, Scottish lawyer, judge and life peer (b. 1929)
- 2017 - Claude Rich, French actor (b. 1929)
- 2017 - Jonathan Shurberg, American attorney and politician (b. 1963)
- 2017 - Jadwiga Szubartowicz, Polish supercentenarian (b. 1905)
- 2017 - Pudsey, Border Collie performing dog (b. 2005)
- 2018 - Thaddeus Radzilowski, Polish-American historian and writer (b. 1938)
- 2018 - Christoph Westerthaler, Austrian footballer (b. 1965)
- 2018 - Mitsuo Matayoshi, Japanese political activist (b. 1944)
- 2019 - Sheila Dikshit, Indian politician (b. 1938)
- 2019 - Ilaria Occhini, Italian actress (b. 1934)
- 2019 - Peter McNamara, Australian tennis player (b. 1955)
Observances
- Independence Day in Colombia
- Friend's Day in Argentina
- Engineer's Day (Costa Rica)
- International Chess Day
Additional information
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