Pa
Pa
Example glyphs
Bengali-AssamesePa
TibetanPa
TamilPa
Thai
บ
Malayalam
പ
Sinhala
ප
Ashoka BrahmiPa
DevanagariPa
Cognates
Hebrewפ ,ף
GreekΠ
LatinP
CyrillicП
Properties
Phonemic representation/p/ /ɓ/B
IAST transliterationp P
ISCII code pointC8 (200)

^B both /ɓ/ and /p/ in Khmer

Pa is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Pa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of प are:[1]

  • प [pə] = 21 (२१)
  • पि [pɪ] = 2,100 (२ १००)
  • पु [pʊ] = 210,000 (२ १० ०००)
  • पृ [pri] = 21,000,000 (२ १० ०० ०००)
  • पॢ [plə] = 21×108 (२१×१०८)
  • पे [pe] = 21×1010 (२१×१०१०)
  • पै [pɛː] = 21×1012 (२१×१०१२)
  • पो [poː] = 21×1014 (२१×१०१४)
  • पौ [pɔː] = 21×1016 (२१×१०१६)

Historic Pa

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Pa as found in standard Brahmi, Pa was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Pa. The Tocharian Pa Pa had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, Pa. The third form of pa, in Kharoshthi (Pa) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Pa

The Brahmi letter Pa, Pa, is probably derived from the Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to the modern Latin P and Greek Pi.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Pa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Pa historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)		Girnar
(~150 BCE)		Kushana
(~150-250 CE)		Gujarat
(~250 CE)		Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Pa

The Tocharian letter Pa is derived from the Brahmi Pa, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form pä used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Pä.

Tocharian Pa with vowel marks
PaPāPiPīPuPūPrPr̄PePaiPoPauPäFremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Pa

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Pa is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Pe , and is thus related to P and Pi, in addition to the Brahmi Pa.[2]

Devanagari Pa

Pa (प) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter પ, and the Modi letter 𑘢.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, प is pronounced as [pə] or [p] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari प with vowel marks
PaPāPiPīPuPūPrPr̄PlPl̄PePaiPoPauP
प पा पि पी पु पू पृ पॄ पॢ पॣ पे पै पो पौ प्

Conjuncts with प

Half form of Pa.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of प

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

  • प্ (p) + न (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • प্ (p) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature pra:

  • प্ (p) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature pḍʱa:

  • प্ (p) + त (ta) gives the ligature pta:

  • प্ (p) + त্ (t) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:

Stacked conjuncts of प

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (ch) + प (pa) gives the ligature chpa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍʱpa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍpa:

  • द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature dpa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ŋpa:

  • प্ (p) + च (ca) gives the ligature pca:

  • प্ (p) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pḍa:

  • प্ (p) + ज (ja) gives the ligature pja:

  • प্ (p) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pjña:

  • प্ (p) + ल (la) gives the ligature pla:

  • प্ (p) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pŋa:

  • प্ (p) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature pṇa:

  • प্ (p) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pña:

  • प্ (p) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

  • प্ (p) + ठ (ṭha) gives the ligature pṭha:

  • ठ্ (ṭh) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭhpa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭpa:

Bengali Pa

The Bengali script প is derived from the Siddhaṃ , but lacks the horizontal head line, and has a less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, प. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter প will sometimes be transliterated as "po" instead of "pa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /po/. Like all Indic consonants, প can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali প with vowel marks
papāpipīpupūprpr̄pepaipopaup
প পা পি পী পু পূ পৃ পৄ পে পৈ পো পৌ প্

প in Bengali-using languages

প is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with প

Bengali প exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures as an initial head consonant, and linear (horizontal) ligatures as a trailing consonant.[5]

  • ল্ (l) + প (pa) gives the ligature lpa:

  • ম্ (m) + প (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

  • ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature mpra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature pla:

  • প্ (p) + ন (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • প্ (p) + প (pa) gives the ligature ppa:

  • প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature pra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • প্ (p) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

  • প্ (p) + স (sa) gives the ligature psa:

  • প্ (p) + ত (ta) gives the ligature pta:

  • প্ (p) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

  • প্ (p) + য (ya) gives the ligature pya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + প (pa) gives the ligature rpa, with the repha prefix:

  • স্ (s) + প (pa) gives the ligature spa:

  • স্ (s) + প্ (p) + ল (la) gives the ligature spla:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + প (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra, with the ra phala suffix:

Gujarati Pa

Gujarati Pa.

Pa (પ) is the twenty-first consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Pa Pa with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Pa.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, પ is pronounced as [pə] or [p] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

PaPāPiPīPuPūPrPlPr̄Pl̄PĕPePaiPŏPoPauP
Gujarati Pa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with પ

Half form of Pa.

Gujarati પ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + પ (pa) gives the ligature RPa:

  • પ્ (p) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PRa:

  • પ્ (p) + ત (ta) gives the ligature PTa:

  • પ્ (p) + ન (na) gives the ligature PNa:

Javanese Pa

Telugu Pa

Telugu Pa
Telugu subjoined Pa
Telugu independent and subjoined Pa.

Pa (ప) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter P. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಪ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Pa

Malayalam letter Pa

Pa (പ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter P, via the Grantha letter Pa Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Pa matras: Pa, Pā, Pi, Pī, Pu, Pū, Pr̥, Pr̥̄, Pl̥, Pl̥̄, Pe, Pē, Pai, Po, Pō, Pau, and P.

Conjuncts of പ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • പ് (p) + ത (ta) gives the ligature pta:

  • പ് (p) + ന (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • പ് (p) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ppa:

  • മ് (m) + പ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

  • ല് (l) + പ (pa) gives the ligature lpa:

  • ഷ് (ṣ) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:

  • സ് (s) + പ (pa) gives the ligature spa:

  • പ് (p) + ഫ (pha) gives the ligature ppha:

  • പ് (p) + സ (sa) gives the ligature psa:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Pe

ᐯ, ᐱ, ᐳ and ᐸ are the base characters "Pe", "Pi", "Po" and "Pa" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᑉ (P) is a small version of the A-series letter ᐸ, although the Western Cree letter ᑊ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for P. The character ᐯ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter प, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by rotation.[6][7][8] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant E-series I-series O-series A-series Other
P + vowel ᐯᐱᐳᐸᢵ
PePiPoPaPay
Small -ᣔ-ᑉᑊ
-Ojibway P-PCree P
P with long vowels -ᐲᐴᐵᐹᐰ
-PīPōCree PōPāPāi
P + W-vowels ᐺᐻᐼᐽᑀᑁᑄᑅ-
PweCree PwePwiCree PwiPwoCree PwoPwaCree Pwa-
P + long W-vowels -ᐾᐿᑂᑃᑆᑇᑈ-
-PwīCree PwīPwōCree PwōPwāCree Pwā-
Other P forms --ᢴᢶ--
--PoyPwoy--

Odia Pa

Odia independent letter Pa
Odia subjoined letter Pa
Odia independent and subjoined letter Pa.

Pa (ପ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter P, via the Siddhaṃ letter Pa Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Pa with vowel matras
PaPāPiPīPuPūPr̥Pr̥̄Pl̥Pl̥̄PePaiPoPauP
ପପାପିପୀପୁପୂପୃପୄପୢପୣପେପୈପୋପୌପ୍

Conjuncts of ପ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ମ୍ (m) + ପ (pa) gives the ligature mpa:

Kaithi Pa

Kaithi consonant Pa
Kaithi half-form letter Pa
Kaithi consonant and half-form Pa.

Pa (𑂣) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter P, via the Siddhaṃ letter Pa Pa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Pa with vowel matras
PaPāPiPīPuPūPePaiPoPauP
𑂣𑂣𑂰𑂣𑂱𑂣𑂲𑂣𑂳𑂣𑂴𑂣𑂵𑂣𑂶𑂣𑂷𑂣𑂸𑂣𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂣

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂣୍ (p) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature pra:

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂣 (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

Comparison of Pa

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Pa, are related as well.

Comparison of Pa in different scripts
Aramaic
Pa
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨤		Ashoka Brahmi
Pa		Kushana Brahmi[lower-alpha 1]
Pa		Tocharian[lower-alpha 2]
Pa / Pa
Gupta Brahmi
Pa		Pallava
Pa
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰢		Siddhaṃ
Pa		Grantha
𑌪		Cham
ꨚ
Sinhala
ප		Pyu /
Old Mon[lower-alpha 3]
-
Tibetan
Pa		Newa
𑐥		Ahom
𑜆		Malayalam
പ
Telugu
ప		Burmese
ပ
Lepcha
ᰎ		Ranjana
Pa		Saurashtra
ꢦ		Dives Akuru
𑤠
Kannada
ಪ		Kayah Li
ꤕ
Limbu
ᤐ		Soyombo[lower-alpha 4]
𑩰		Khmer
ប		Tamil
Pa
Chakma
𑄛		Tai Tham
ᨷ / ᨸ
Meitei Mayek
ꯄ		Gaudi
-		Thai
บ / ป		Lao
ບ / ປ
Tai Le
ᥙ
Marchen
𑱾		Tirhuta
𑒣		New Tai Lue
ᦢ / ᦔ		Tai Viet
ꪜ / ꪝ		Aksara Kawi
Pa
'Phags-pa
ꡌ		Odia
ପ		Sharada
𑆥		Rejang
ꤶ		Batak
ᯇ		Buginese
ᨄ
Zanabazar Square
𑨞		Bengali-Assamese
Pa		Takri
𑚞		Javanese
ꦥ		Balinese
ᬧ		Makasar
𑻣
Hangul[lower-alpha 5]
-		Northern Nagari
-		Dogri
𑠞		Laṇḍā
-		Sundanese
ᮕ		Baybayin
ᜉ
Modi
𑘢		Gujarati
પ		Khojki
𑈟		Khudabadi
𑋒		Mahajani
𑅨		Tagbanwa
ᝩ
Devanagari
Pa		Nandinagari
𑧂		Kaithi
Pa		Gurmukhi
ਪ		Multani
𑊛		Buhid
ᝉ
Canadian Syllabics[lower-alpha 6]
ᐯ		Soyombo[lower-alpha 7]
𑩰		Sylheti Nagari
ꠙ		Gunjala Gondi
𑶅		Masaram Gondi[lower-alpha 8]
𑴠		Hanuno'o
ᜩ
Notes
  1. ↑ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ↑ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ↑ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ↑ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ↑ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ↑ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ↑ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ↑ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Pa

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Pa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Pa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Previewపପಪപપਪ
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER PA BENGALI LETTER PA TAMIL LETTER PA TELUGU LETTER PA ORIYA LETTER PA KANNADA LETTER PA MALAYALAM LETTER PA GUJARATI LETTER PA GURMUKHI LETTER PA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode2346U+092A2474U+09AA2986U+0BAA3114U+0C2A2858U+0B2A3242U+0CAA3370U+0D2A2730U+0AAA2602U+0A2A
UTF-8224 164 170E0 A4 AA224 166 170E0 A6 AA224 174 170E0 AE AA224 176 170E0 B0 AA224 172 170E0 AC AA224 178 170E0 B2 AA224 180 170E0 B4 AA224 170 170E0 AA AA224 168 170E0 A8 AA
Numeric character referenceपपপপபபపపପପಪಪപപપપਪਪ
ISCII200C8200C8200C8200C8200C8200C8200C8200C8200C8


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨤𑌪
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER PA KHAROSHTHI LETTER PA SIDDHAM LETTER PA GRANTHA LETTER PA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode69671U+1102768132U+10A2471074U+115A270442U+1132A
UTF-8240 145 128 167F0 91 80 A7240 144 168 164F0 90 A8 A4240 145 150 162F0 91 96 A2240 145 140 170F0 91 8C AA
UTF-1655300 56359D804 DC2755298 56868D802 DE2455301 56738D805 DDA255300 57130D804 DF2A
Numeric character reference𑀧𑀧𐨤𐨤𑖢𑖢𑌪𑌪


Character information
Previewྤꡌ𑨞𑐥𑰢𑆥
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER PA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER PA PHAGS-PA LETTER PA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PA NEWA LETTER PA BHAIKSUKI LETTER PA SHARADA LETTER PA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3924U+0F544004U+0FA443084U+A84C72222U+11A1E70693U+1142572738U+11C2270053U+111A5
UTF-8224 189 148E0 BD 94224 190 164E0 BE A4234 161 140EA A1 8C240 145 168 158F0 91 A8 9E240 145 144 165F0 91 90 A5240 145 176 162F0 91 B0 A2240 145 134 165F0 91 86 A5
UTF-1639240F5440040FA443084A84C55302 56862D806 DE1E55301 56357D805 DC2555303 56354D807 DC2255300 56741D804 DDA5
Numeric character referenceཔཔྤྤꡌꡌ𑨞𑨞𑐥𑐥𑰢𑰢𑆥𑆥


Character information
Previewပ
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER PA
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode4117U+1015
UTF-8225 128 149E1 80 95
Numeric character referenceပပ
  • See further below for Tai Tham and New Tai Lue codepoints.


Character information
Previewបບປบปꪜꪝ
Unicode name KHMER LETTER BA LAO LETTER BO LAO LETTER PO THAI CHARACTER BO BAIMAI THAI CHARACTER PO PLA TAI VIET LETTER LOW PO TAI VIET LETTER HIGH PO
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6036U+17943738U+0E9A3739U+0E9B3610U+0E1A3611U+0E1B43676U+AA9C43677U+AA9D
UTF-8225 158 148E1 9E 94224 186 154E0 BA 9A224 186 155E0 BA 9B224 184 154E0 B8 9A224 184 155E0 B8 9B234 170 156EA AA 9C234 170 157EA AA 9D
Numeric character referenceបបບບປປบบปปꪜꪜꪝꪝ


Character information
Previewපꤕ𑄛ᥙ𑜆𑤠ꢦꨚ
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA PAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER PA CHAKMA LETTER PAA TAI LE LETTER PA AHOM LETTER PA DIVES AKURU LETTER PA SAURASHTRA LETTER PA CHAM LETTER PA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3508U+0DB443285U+A91569915U+1111B6489U+195971430U+1170671968U+1192043174U+A8A643546U+AA1A
UTF-8224 182 180E0 B6 B4234 164 149EA A4 95240 145 132 155F0 91 84 9B225 165 153E1 A5 99240 145 156 134F0 91 9C 86240 145 164 160F0 91 A4 A0234 162 166EA A2 A6234 168 154EA A8 9A
UTF-1635080DB443285A91555300 56603D804 DD1B6489195955301 57094D805 DF0655302 56608D806 DD2043174A8A643546AA1A
Numeric character referenceපපꤕꤕ𑄛𑄛ᥙᥙ𑜆𑜆𑤠𑤠ꢦꢦꨚꨚ


Character information
Preview𑘢𑧂𑩰ꠙ𑶅
Unicode name MODI LETTER PA NANDINAGARI LETTER PA SOYOMBO LETTER PA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER PO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER PA KAITHI LETTER PA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71202U+1162272130U+119C272304U+11A7043033U+A81973093U+11D8569795U+110A3
UTF-8240 145 152 162F0 91 98 A2240 145 167 130F0 91 A7 82240 145 169 176F0 91 A9 B0234 160 153EA A0 99240 145 182 133F0 91 B6 85240 145 130 163F0 91 82 A3
UTF-1655301 56866D805 DE2255302 56770D806 DDC255302 56944D806 DE7043033A81955303 56709D807 DD8555300 56483D804 DCA3
Numeric character reference𑘢𑘢𑧂𑧂𑩰𑩰ꠙꠙ𑶅𑶅𑂣𑂣


Character information
Preview𑒣ᰎᤐꯄ𑱾
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER PA LEPCHA LETTER PA LIMBU LETTER PA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER PA MARCHEN LETTER PA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode70819U+114A37182U+1C0E6416U+191043972U+ABC472830U+11C7E
UTF-8240 145 146 163F0 91 92 A3225 176 142E1 B0 8E225 164 144E1 A4 90234 175 132EA AF 84240 145 177 190F0 91 B1 BE
UTF-1655301 56483D805 DCA371821C0E6416191043972ABC455303 56446D807 DC7E
Numeric character reference𑒣𑒣ᰎᰎᤐᤐꯄꯄ𑱾𑱾


Character information
Preview𑚞𑠞𑈟𑋒𑅨𑊛
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER PA DOGRA LETTER PA KHOJKI LETTER PA KHUDAWADI LETTER PA MAHAJANI LETTER PA MULTANI LETTER PA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71326U+1169E71710U+1181E70175U+1121F70354U+112D269992U+1116870299U+1129B
UTF-8240 145 154 158F0 91 9A 9E240 145 160 158F0 91 A0 9E240 145 136 159F0 91 88 9F240 145 139 146F0 91 8B 92240 145 133 168F0 91 85 A8240 145 138 155F0 91 8A 9B
UTF-1655301 56990D805 DE9E55302 56350D806 DC1E55300 56863D804 DE1F55300 57042D804 DED255300 56680D804 DD6855300 56987D804 DE9B
Numeric character reference𑚞𑚞𑠞𑠞𑈟𑈟𑋒𑋒𑅨𑅨𑊛𑊛


Character information
Previewᬧᯇᨄꦥ𑻣ꤶᮕ
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER PA BATAK LETTER PA BUGINESE LETTER PA JAVANESE LETTER PA MAKASAR LETTER PA REJANG LETTER PA SUNDANESE LETTER PA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6951U+1B277111U+1BC76660U+1A0443429U+A9A573443U+11EE343318U+A9367061U+1B95
UTF-8225 172 167E1 AC A7225 175 135E1 AF 87225 168 132E1 A8 84234 166 165EA A6 A5240 145 187 163F0 91 BB A3234 164 182EA A4 B6225 174 149E1 AE 95
UTF-1669511B2771111BC766601A0443429A9A555303 57059D807 DEE343318A93670611B95
Numeric character referenceᬧᬧᯇᯇᨄᨄꦥꦥ𑻣𑻣ꤶꤶᮕᮕ


Character information
Previewᜉᝩᝉᜩ𑴠
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER PA TAGBANWA LETTER PA BUHID LETTER PA HANUNOO LETTER PA MASARAM GONDI LETTER PA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode5897U+17095993U+17695961U+17495929U+172972992U+11D20
UTF-8225 156 137E1 9C 89225 157 169E1 9D A9225 157 137E1 9D 89225 156 169E1 9C A9240 145 180 160F0 91 B4 A0
UTF-165897170959931769596117495929172955303 56608D807 DD20
Numeric character referenceᜉᜉᝩᝩᝉᝉᜩᜩ𑴠𑴠
Character information
Previewᐯᐱᐳᐸᑉ
Unicode name CANADIAN SYLLABICS PE CANADIAN SYLLABICS PI CANADIAN SYLLABICS PO CANADIAN SYLLABICS PA CANADIAN SYLLABICS P
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode5167U+142F5169U+14315171U+14335176U+14385193U+1449
UTF-8225 144 175E1 90 AF225 144 177E1 90 B1225 144 179E1 90 B3225 144 184E1 90 B8225 145 137E1 91 89
Numeric character referenceᐯᐯᐱᐱᐳᐳᐸᐸᑉᑉ
  • The full range of pE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 142F-1449, 150C, 18B4-18B6, 14D4, & 18DC-18DD.

Character information
Previewᨷᩝᨸᦢᦥᧇᦔ
Unicode name TAI THAM LETTER BA TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN BA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH BA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW BA NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL B NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH PA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6711U+1A376749U+1A5D6712U+1A386562U+19A26565U+19A56599U+19C76548U+1994
UTF-8225 168 183E1 A8 B7225 169 157E1 A9 9D225 168 184E1 A8 B8225 166 162E1 A6 A2225 166 165E1 A6 A5225 167 135E1 A7 87225 166 148E1 A6 94
Numeric character referenceᨷᨷᩝᩝᨸᨸᦢᦢᦥᦥᧇᧇᦔᦔ

References

  1. ↑ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. 1 2 Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
  4. ↑ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ↑ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  6. ↑ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
  7. ↑ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
  8. ↑ Zui. "Writing in North America — Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics". The Language Closet. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
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