Na
Na
Example glyphs
Bengali-AssameseNa
TibetanNa
TamilNa
Thai
น
Malayalam
ന
Sinhala
න
Ashoka BrahmiNa
DevanagariNa
Cognates
Hebrewנ ,ן
GreekΝ
LatinN
CyrillicН
Properties
Phonemic representation/n/
IAST transliterationn N
ISCII code pointC6 (198)

Na is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Na is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of न are:[1]

  • न [nə] = 20 (२०)
  • नि [nɪ] = 2,000 (२ ०००)
  • नु [nʊ] = 200,000 (२ ०० ०००)
  • नृ [nri] = 20,000,000 (२ ०० ०० ०००)
  • नॢ [nlə] = 2×109 (२ ×१०९)
  • ने [ne] = 2×1011 (×१०११)
  • नै [nɛː] = 2×1013 (×१०१३)
  • नो [noː] = 2×1015 (×१०१५)
  • नौ [nɔː] = 2×1017 (×१०१७)

Historic Na

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Na as found in standard Brahmi, Na was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Na. The Tocharian Na Na had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, Na. The third form of na, in Kharoshthi (Na) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Na

The Brahmi letter Na, Na, is probably derived from the Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to the modern Latin N and Greek Nu.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Na can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Na historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)		Girnar
(~150 BCE)		Kushana
(~150-250 CE)		Gujarat
(~250 CE)		Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Na

The Tocharian letter Na is derived from the Brahmi Na, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form nä used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Nä.

Tocharian Na with vowel marks
NaNāNiNīNuNūNrNr̄NeNaiNoNauNäFremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Na

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Na is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to N and Nu, in addition to the Brahmi Na.[2]

Devanagari Na

Na (न) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ન, and the Modi letter 𑘡.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, न is pronounced as [nə] or [n] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari न with vowel marks
NaNāNiNīNuNūNrNr̄NlNl̄NeNaiNoNauN
न ना नि नी नु नू नृ नॄ नॢ नॣ ने नै नो नौ न्

Conjuncts with न

Half form of Na.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of न

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • न্ (n) + न (na) gives the ligature nna: note

  • Repha र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

  • न্ (n) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature nra:

Stacked conjuncts of न

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature. As the trailing letter in many conjuncts, Na will show a reduced form, angling down and to the right in order to stack under the preceding consonant.

  • भ্ (bh) + न (na) gives the ligature bhna:

  • ब্ (b) + न (na) gives the ligature bna:

  • छ্ (ch) + न (na) gives the ligature chna:

  • च্ (c) + न (na) gives the ligature cna:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature ḍʱna:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + न (na) gives the ligature ḍna:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature dʱna:

  • द্ (d) + न (na) gives the ligature dna:

  • घ্ (ɡʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

  • ग্ (g) + न (na) gives the ligature gna:

  • ग্ (g) + न্ (n) + य (ya) gives the ligature gnya:

  • ह্ (h) + न (na) gives the ligature hna:

  • झ্ (jh) + न (na) gives the ligature jhna:

  • ज্ (j) + न (na) gives the ligature jna:

  • ख্ (kh) + न (na) gives the ligature khna:

  • क্ (k) + न (na) gives the ligature kna:

  • ल্ (l) + न (na) gives the ligature lna:

  • म্ (m) + न (na) gives the ligature mna:

  • न্ (n) + च (ca) gives the ligature nca:

  • न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature nddʱa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + न (na) gives the ligature ŋna:

  • न্ (n) + ज (ja) gives the ligature nja:

  • न্ (n) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature njña:

  • न্ (n) + ल (la) gives the ligature nla:

  • ण্ (ṇ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṇna:

  • न্ (n) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature nña:

  • ञ্ (ñ) + न (na) gives the ligature ñna:

  • फ্ (ph) + न (na) gives the ligature phna:

  • प্ (p) + न (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • श্ (ʃ) + न (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

  • स্ (s) + न (na) gives the ligature sna:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṣna:

  • थ্ (th) + न (na) gives the ligature thna:

  • त্ (t) + न (na) gives the ligature tna:

  • ठ্ (ṭh) + न (na) gives the ligature ṭhna:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṭna:

  • त্ (t) + त্ (t) + न (na) gives the ligature ttna:

  • व্ (v) + न (na) gives the ligature vna:

  • य্ (y) + न (na) gives the ligature yna:

Bengali Na

The Bengali script ন is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, न. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ন will sometimes be transliterated as "no" instead of "na". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /n̪o/. Like all Indic consonants, ন can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ন with vowel marks
nanāninīnunūnrnr̄nenainonaun
ন না নি নী নু নূ নৃ নৄ নে নৈ নো নৌ ন্

ন in Bengali-using languages

ন is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ন

Bengali ন exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards a trailing ন realized as a reduced form in stacked ligatures, similar to Va-phala, and initial ন appending a reduced form onto the vertical stemline of the following consonant, or as a fully stacked ligature.[5]

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature dʱna:

  • ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

  • গ্ (g) + ন (na) gives the ligature gna:

  • গ্ (g) + ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature gnya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ক্ (k) + ষ্ (ṣ) + ন (na) gives the ligature kṣna:

  • ম্ (m) + ন (na) gives the ligature mna:

  • ন্ (n) + দ (da) gives the ligature nda:

  • ন্ (n) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature nḍa:

  • ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ndva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ম (ma) gives the ligature nma:

  • ন্ (n) + ন (na) gives the ligature nna:

  • ন্ (n) + ত (ta) gives the ligature nta:

  • ন্ (n) + থ (tha) gives the ligature ntha:

  • ন্ (n) + থ্ (th) + র (ra) gives the ligature nthra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature ntra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntrya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

  • ন্ (n) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature nṭa:

  • ন্ (n) + ঠ (ṭha) gives the ligature nṭha:

  • ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature ntva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + ব (va) gives the ligature nva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature nya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • প্ (p) + ন (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • র্ (r) + ন (na) gives the ligature rna, with the repha prefix:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

  • স্ (s) + ন (na) gives the ligature sna:

  • ত্ (t) + ন (na) gives the ligature tna:

Gujarati Na

Gujarati Na.

Na (ન) is the twentieth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Na Na with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Na.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ન is pronounced as [nə] or [n] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

NaNāNiNīNuNūNrNlNr̄Nl̄NĕNeNaiNŏNoNauN
Gujarati Na syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ન

Half form of Na.

Gujarati ન exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. One of the most common variants includes a form of Na that angles downward. Other non-half form variants include the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ન (na) gives the ligature RNa:

  • ન્ (n) + ર (ra) gives the ligature NRa:

  • ન્ (n) + ન (na) gives the ligature NNa:

  • ડ્ (ɖ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌNa:

  • ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌhNa:

  • ખ્ (kh) + ન (na) gives the ligature KhNa:

  • ગ્ (g) + ન (na) gives the ligature GNa:

  • ઘ્ (ɡʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature GhNa:

  • ચ્ (c) + ન (na) gives the ligature CNa:

  • ઞ્ (ɲ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ÑNa:

  • ત્ (t) + ન (na) gives the ligature TNa:

  • થ્ (th) + ન (na) gives the ligature ThNa:

  • દ્ (d) + ન (na) gives the ligature DNa:

  • ધ્ (dʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature DhNa:

  • પ્ (p) + ન (na) gives the ligature PNa:

  • બ્ (b) + ન (na) gives the ligature BNa:

  • ભ્ (bh) + ન (na) gives the ligature BhNa:

  • મ્ (m) + ન (na) gives the ligature MNa:

  • ય્ (y) + ન (na) gives the ligature YNa:

  • લ્ (l) + ન (na) gives the ligature LNa:

  • ળ્ (ɭ̆) + ન (na) gives the ligature LlNa:

  • વ્ (v) + ન (na) gives the ligature VNa:

  • શ્ (ʃ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ŚNa:

  • હ્ (h) + ન (na) gives the ligature HNa:

Javanese Na

Telugu Na

Telugu Na
Telugu subjoined Na
Telugu independent and subjoined Na.

Na (న) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter N. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ನ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Na

Malayalam letter Na

Na (ന) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter N, via the Grantha letter Na Na. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Na matras: Na, Nā, Ni, Nī, Nu, Nū, Nr̥, Nr̥̄, Nl̥, Nl̥̄, Ne, Nē, Nai, No, Nō, Nau, and N.

Conjuncts of ന

Malayalam letter Chillu N

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ന് (n) + ത (ta) gives the ligature nta:

  • ന് (n) + ഥ (tha) gives the ligature ntha:

  • ന് (n) + ദ (da) gives the ligature nda:

  • ന് (n) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

  • ക് (k) + ന (na) gives the ligature kna:

  • ഗ് (g) + ന (na) gives the ligature gna:

  • ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

  • ത് (t) + ന (na) gives the ligature tna:

  • ന് (n) + ന (na) gives the ligature nna:

  • പ് (p) + ന (na) gives the ligature pna:

  • ശ് (ʃ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

  • സ് (s) + ന (na) gives the ligature sna:

  • ഹ് (h) + ന (na) gives the ligature hna:

  • ന് (n) + മ (ma) gives the ligature nma:

  • ന് (n) + റ (rra) gives the ligature nrra:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Ne

ᓀ, ᓂ, ᓄ and ᓇ are the base characters "Ne", "Ni", "No" and "Na" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᓐ (N) is a small version of the A-series letter ᓇ, although the Western Cree letter ᐣ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for N. The character ᓀ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter न, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.[6][7]

Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant E-series I-series O-series A-series Other
N + vowel ᓀᓂᓄᓇᢼ
NeNiNoNaNay
Small -ᣙᓒᓐᐣ
-Ojibway NNhNCree N
N with long vowels -ᓃᓅᓆᓈᓁ
-NīNōCree NōNāNāi
N + W-vowels ᓉᓊᣆᣇᣊᣋᓋᓌ-
NweCree NweNwiOjibway NwiNowOjibway NowNwaCree Nwa-
N + long W-vowels -ᣈᣉᣌᣍᓍᓏᓎ-
-NwīOjibway NwīNwōOjibway NwōNwāNaskapi NwāCree Nwā-
Woods-Cree Th ᖛᖜᖝᖞᖟ
TheThiThoThaTh

Odia Na

Odia independent letter Na
Odia subjoined letter Na
Odia independent and subjoined letter Na.

Na (ନ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter N, via the Siddhaṃ letter Na Na. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Na with vowel matras
NaNāNiNīNuNūNr̥Nr̥̄Nl̥Nl̥̄NeNaiNoNauN
ନନାନିନୀନୁନୂନୃନୄନୢନୣନେନୈନୋନୌନ୍

Conjuncts of ନ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Na is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Na Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ନ୍ (n) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature nda:

  • ନ୍ (n) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

Kaithi Na

Kaithi consonant Na
Kaithi half-form letter Na
Kaithi consonant and half-form Na.

Na (𑂢) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter N, via the Siddhaṃ letter Na Na. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Na with vowel matras
NaNāNiNīNuNūNeNaiNoNauN
𑂢𑂢𑂰𑂢𑂱𑂢𑂲𑂢𑂳𑂢𑂴𑂢𑂵𑂢𑂶𑂢𑂷𑂢𑂸𑂢𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂢

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂢 (na) gives the ligature rna:

Comparison of Na

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Na, are related as well.

Comparison of Na in different scripts
Aramaic
Na
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨣		Ashoka Brahmi
Na		Kushana Brahmi[lower-alpha 1]
Na		Tocharian[lower-alpha 2]
Na / Na
Gupta Brahmi
Na		Pallava
Na
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰡		Siddhaṃ
Na		Grantha
𑌨		Cham
ꨘ
Sinhala
න		Pyu /
Old Mon[lower-alpha 3]
-
Tibetan
Na		Newa
𑐣		Ahom
𑜃		Malayalam
ന
Telugu
న		Burmese
န
Lepcha
ᰍ		Ranjana
Na		Saurashtra
ꢥ		Dives Akuru
𑤟
Kannada
ನ		Kayah Li
ꤔ
Limbu
ᤏ		Soyombo[lower-alpha 4]
𑩯		Khmer
ន		Tamil
Na
Chakma
𑄚		Tai Tham
ᨶ
Meitei Mayek
ꯅ		Gaudi
-		Thai
น		Lao
ນ / ໜ
Tai Le
ᥢ
Marchen
𑱽		Tirhuta
𑒢		New Tai Lue
ᦓ / ᦐ		Tai Viet
ꪙ / ꪘ		Aksara Kawi
Na
'Phags-pa
ꡋ		Odia
ନ		Sharada
𑆤		Rejang
ꤵ		Batak
ᯉ		Buginese
ᨊ
Zanabazar Square
𑨝		Bengali-Assamese
Na		Takri
𑚝		Javanese
ꦤ		Balinese
ᬦ		Makasar
𑻨
Hangul[lower-alpha 5]
-		Northern Nagari
-		Dogri
𑠝		Laṇḍā
-		Sundanese
ᮔ		Baybayin
ᜈ
Modi
𑘡		Gujarati
ન		Khojki
𑈞		Khudabadi
𑋑		Mahajani
𑅧		Tagbanwa
ᝨ
Devanagari
Na		Nandinagari
𑧁		Kaithi
Na		Gurmukhi
ਨ		Multani
𑊚		Buhid
ᝈ
Canadian Syllabics[lower-alpha 6]
ᓀ		Soyombo[lower-alpha 7]
𑩯		Sylheti Nagari
ꠘ		Gunjala Gondi
𑵺		Masaram Gondi[lower-alpha 8]
𑴟		Hanuno'o
ᜨ
Notes
  1. ↑ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ↑ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ↑ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ↑ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ↑ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ↑ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ↑ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ↑ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Na

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Na in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Na from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Previewనନನനનਨ
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER NA BENGALI LETTER NA TAMIL LETTER NA TELUGU LETTER NA ORIYA LETTER NA KANNADA LETTER NA MALAYALAM LETTER NA GUJARATI LETTER NA GURMUKHI LETTER NA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode2344U+09282472U+09A82984U+0BA83112U+0C282856U+0B283240U+0CA83368U+0D282728U+0AA82600U+0A28
UTF-8224 164 168E0 A4 A8224 166 168E0 A6 A8224 174 168E0 AE A8224 176 168E0 B0 A8224 172 168E0 AC A8224 178 168E0 B2 A8224 180 168E0 B4 A8224 170 168E0 AA A8224 168 168E0 A8 A8
Numeric character referenceननননநநననନନನನനനનનਨਨ
ISCII198C6198C6198C6198C6198C6198C6198C6198C6198C6


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨣𑌨
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER NA KHAROSHTHI LETTER NA SIDDHAM LETTER NA GRANTHA LETTER NA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode69670U+1102668131U+10A2371073U+115A170440U+11328
UTF-8240 145 128 166F0 91 80 A6240 144 168 163F0 90 A8 A3240 145 150 161F0 91 96 A1240 145 140 168F0 91 8C A8
UTF-1655300 56358D804 DC2655298 56867D802 DE2355301 56737D805 DDA155300 57128D804 DF28
Numeric character reference𑀦𑀦𐨣𐨣𑖡𑖡𑌨𑌨


Character information
Previewྣꡋ𑨝𑐣𑰡𑆤
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER NA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER NA PHAGS-PA LETTER NA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NA NEWA LETTER NA BHAIKSUKI LETTER NA SHARADA LETTER NA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3923U+0F534003U+0FA343083U+A84B72221U+11A1D70691U+1142372737U+11C2170052U+111A4
UTF-8224 189 147E0 BD 93224 190 163E0 BE A3234 161 139EA A1 8B240 145 168 157F0 91 A8 9D240 145 144 163F0 91 90 A3240 145 176 161F0 91 B0 A1240 145 134 164F0 91 86 A4
UTF-1639230F5340030FA343083A84B55302 56861D806 DE1D55301 56355D805 DC2355303 56353D807 DC2155300 56740D804 DDA4
Numeric character referenceནནྣྣꡋꡋ𑨝𑨝𑐣𑐣𑰡𑰡𑆤𑆤


Character information
Previewနᨶᦓᦐᧃ
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER NA TAI THAM LETTER NA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW NA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH NA NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL N
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode4116U+10146710U+1A366547U+19936544U+19906595U+19C3
UTF-8225 128 148E1 80 94225 168 182E1 A8 B6225 166 147E1 A6 93225 166 144E1 A6 90225 167 131E1 A7 83
Numeric character referenceနနᨶᨶᦓᦓᦐᦐᧃᧃ


Character information
Previewនນໜนꪙꪘ
Unicode name KHMER LETTER NO LAO LETTER NO LAO HO NO THAI CHARACTER NO NU TAI VIET LETTER HIGH NO TAI VIET LETTER LOW NO
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6035U+17933737U+0E993804U+0EDC3609U+0E1943673U+AA9943672U+AA98
UTF-8225 158 147E1 9E 93224 186 153E0 BA 99224 187 156E0 BB 9C224 184 153E0 B8 99234 170 153EA AA 99234 170 152EA AA 98
Numeric character referenceននນນໜໜนนꪙꪙꪘꪘ


Character information
Previewනꤔ𑄚ᥢ𑜃𑤟ꢥꨘ
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER DANTAJA NAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER NA CHAKMA LETTER NAA TAI LE LETTER NA AHOM LETTER NA DIVES AKURU LETTER NA SAURASHTRA LETTER NA CHAM LETTER NA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3505U+0DB143284U+A91469914U+1111A6498U+196271427U+1170371967U+1191F43173U+A8A543544U+AA18
UTF-8224 182 177E0 B6 B1234 164 148EA A4 94240 145 132 154F0 91 84 9A225 165 162E1 A5 A2240 145 156 131F0 91 9C 83240 145 164 159F0 91 A4 9F234 162 165EA A2 A5234 168 152EA A8 98
UTF-1635050DB143284A91455300 56602D804 DD1A6498196255301 57091D805 DF0355302 56607D806 DD1F43173A8A543544AA18
Numeric character referenceනනꤔꤔ𑄚𑄚ᥢᥢ𑜃𑜃𑤟𑤟ꢥꢥꨘꨘ


Character information
Preview𑘡𑧁𑩯ꠘ𑵺
Unicode name MODI LETTER NA NANDINAGARI LETTER NA SOYOMBO LETTER NA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER NO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER NA KAITHI LETTER NA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71201U+1162172129U+119C172303U+11A6F43032U+A81873082U+11D7A69794U+110A2
UTF-8240 145 152 161F0 91 98 A1240 145 167 129F0 91 A7 81240 145 169 175F0 91 A9 AF234 160 152EA A0 98240 145 181 186F0 91 B5 BA240 145 130 162F0 91 82 A2
UTF-1655301 56865D805 DE2155302 56769D806 DDC155302 56943D806 DE6F43032A81855303 56698D807 DD7A55300 56482D804 DCA2
Numeric character reference𑘡𑘡𑧁𑧁𑩯𑩯ꠘꠘ𑵺𑵺𑂢𑂢


Character information
Preview𑒢ᰍᤏꯅ𑱽
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER NA LEPCHA LETTER NA LIMBU LETTER NA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER NA MARCHEN LETTER NA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode70818U+114A27181U+1C0D6415U+190F43973U+ABC572829U+11C7D
UTF-8240 145 146 162F0 91 92 A2225 176 141E1 B0 8D225 164 143E1 A4 8F234 175 133EA AF 85240 145 177 189F0 91 B1 BD
UTF-1655301 56482D805 DCA271811C0D6415190F43973ABC555303 56445D807 DC7D
Numeric character reference𑒢𑒢ᰍᰍᤏᤏꯅꯅ𑱽𑱽


Character information
Preview𑚝𑠝𑈞𑋑𑅧𑊚
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER NA DOGRA LETTER NA KHOJKI LETTER NA KHUDAWADI LETTER NA MAHAJANI LETTER NA MULTANI LETTER NA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71325U+1169D71709U+1181D70174U+1121E70353U+112D169991U+1116770298U+1129A
UTF-8240 145 154 157F0 91 9A 9D240 145 160 157F0 91 A0 9D240 145 136 158F0 91 88 9E240 145 139 145F0 91 8B 91240 145 133 167F0 91 85 A7240 145 138 154F0 91 8A 9A
UTF-1655301 56989D805 DE9D55302 56349D806 DC1D55300 56862D804 DE1E55300 57041D804 DED155300 56679D804 DD6755300 56986D804 DE9A
Numeric character reference𑚝𑚝𑠝𑠝𑈞𑈞𑋑𑋑𑅧𑅧𑊚𑊚


Character information
Previewᬦᯉᨊꦤ𑻨ꤵᮔ
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER NA BATAK LETTER NA BUGINESE LETTER NA JAVANESE LETTER NA MAKASAR LETTER NA REJANG LETTER NA SUNDANESE LETTER NA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6950U+1B267113U+1BC96666U+1A0A43428U+A9A473448U+11EE843317U+A9357060U+1B94
UTF-8225 172 166E1 AC A6225 175 137E1 AF 89225 168 138E1 A8 8A234 166 164EA A6 A4240 145 187 168F0 91 BB A8234 164 181EA A4 B5225 174 148E1 AE 94
UTF-1669501B2671131BC966661A0A43428A9A455303 57064D807 DEE843317A93570601B94
Numeric character referenceᬦᬦᯉᯉᨊᨊꦤꦤ𑻨𑻨ꤵꤵᮔᮔ


Character information
Previewᜈᝨᝈᜨ𑴟
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER NA TAGBANWA LETTER NA BUHID LETTER NA HANUNOO LETTER NA MASARAM GONDI LETTER NA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode5896U+17085992U+17685960U+17485928U+172872991U+11D1F
UTF-8225 156 136E1 9C 88225 157 168E1 9D A8225 157 136E1 9D 88225 156 168E1 9C A8240 145 180 159F0 91 B4 9F
UTF-165896170859921768596017485928172855303 56607D807 DD1F
Numeric character referenceᜈᜈᝨᝨᝈᝈᜨᜨ𑴟𑴟
Character information
Previewᓀᓂᓄᓇᓐ
Unicode name CANADIAN SYLLABICS NE CANADIAN SYLLABICS NI CANADIAN SYLLABICS NO CANADIAN SYLLABICS NA CANADIAN SYLLABICS N
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode5312U+14C05314U+14C25316U+14C45319U+14C75328U+14D0
UTF-8225 147 128E1 93 80225 147 130E1 93 82225 147 132E1 93 84225 147 135E1 93 87225 147 144E1 93 90
Numeric character referenceᓀᓀᓂᓂᓄᓄᓇᓇᓐᓐ
  • The full range of NE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 14C0-14D0, 14D2, 158E-1596, 159B-159F, 1602-1607, 1670-1676, 18BB-18BC, 18C6-18CD, & 18D9.

References

  1. ↑ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. 1 2 Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
  4. ↑ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ↑ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  6. ↑ Zui. "Writing in North America — Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics". The Language Closet. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  7. ↑ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
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