This is a list of wars involving Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakh and the predecessor states of Kazakhstan to the present day. It also includes wars fought outside Kazakhstan by the Kazakh military.
Legends of results:
Victory
Defeat
Stalemate
Ongoing conflict
Cumania (1025—1241)
After the fall of the Kimek-Kipchak confederation at the beginning of the 11th century. military-political hegemony on the territory of the former settlement of the Kimek, Kipchak and Cuman tribes passed into the hands of the Kipchak khans. The dynastic nobility of the Kipchaks who came to power began to take active steps in the southern and western directions, which led to direct contacts with the states of Central Asia and Southeast Europe.
Date | Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result for Kazakhstan | Khan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1035 | Kipchak conquest of the Pontic-Caspian steppe | ![]() |
Pechenegs Khazar tribes |
Victory | Bolush Khan |
1055-1223 | Russo-Kipchak Wars[1]
![]() Bonyak Khan's attack on Kyiv in 1096 |
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Victory
|
|
1066 | Campaign against Kipchaks of Alp Arslan | ![]() |
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Defeat | Kafshud |
1070 | First Kipchak invasion of Hungary[2]
|
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Victory | Sharukan |
1091 | Second Kipchak Invasion of Hungary
|
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Defeat | Copulch Khan |
1117 | Kipchak Invasion of the North Caucasus[3] | ![]() |
North Caucasian peoples | Victory | Otrok Khan |
1120 | Battle of Bardawi on Kura[4] | ![]() ![]() |
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Victory | |
1121 | Battle of Didgori[4] | ![]() |
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Victory
| |
1222 | Battle of Sudak | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Defeat | |
1123 | Sack of Tbilisi[4] | ![]() ![]() |
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Victory
| |
Golden Horde (1242—1428)
The Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate), self-designated as Ulug Ulus, lit. 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.
Kazakh Khanate (1465—1847)
Kazakh Khanate was established by Janibek Khan and Kerei Khan in 1465. Both khans came from Turco-Mongol clan of Tore which traces its lineage to Genghis Khan through dynasty of Jochids. The Tore clan continued to rule the khanate until its fall to the Russian Empire.
From 16th to 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate ruled and expanded its territories to eastern Cumania (modern-day West Kazakhstan), to most of Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan and the Syr Darya river with military confrontation as far as Astrakhan and Khorasan Province, which are now in Russia and Iran, respectively. The Khanate was later weakened by a series of Oirat and Dzungar invasions. These resulted in a decline and further disintegration into three Juzes, which gradually lost their sovereignty and were incorporated to the expanding Russian Empire in the 19th century.
Kazakh Khanate (1465-1847)
Date | Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result for Kazakhstan | Khan/Leader | Kazakh losses | Enemy losses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1468-1500 | Kazakh War of Independence | Kazakh Khanate![]() ![]() |
Uzbek Khanate![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
? |
? | |
1499-1502 | Kazakh-Kalmyk War | Kazakh Khanate | Kalmyks | Victory | Burunduk Khan | ? |
? |
1503-1504 | First Kazakh-Uzbek War[5] | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory | Kasym Khan | ? |
? |
1505-1506 | Second Kazakh-Uzbek War[5] | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory | ? |
? | |
1509-1510 | Third Kazakh-Uzbek War | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory | ? |
? | |
1518-1520 | Kasym Khan's Nogai campaign | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory
|
? |
? | |
1522-1538 | First Kazakh Khanate Civil War
![]() Kazakh Khanate during the First Civil War |
Kazakhs | Kazakhs | Victory for Haqnazar Khan | Haqnazar Khan | ? |
? |
1541-1558 | Haqnazar Khan's Bukhara campaigns | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory | ? |
? | |
1557-1559 | Haqnazar's campaign against Dervesh Khan | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory | ? |
? | |
1563 | Haqnazar's War against Siberia | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory | ? |
? | |
1569 | Conquest of the Nogai Horde | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory | ? |
? | |
1577-1579 | Abdullah-Baba War | Kazakh Khanate |
Shaybanids of Turkestan | Victory | ? |
? | |
1580 | Tashkent Uprising | Kazakh Khanate | Shaybanids of Tashkent | Defeat | ? |
? | |
1603-1605 | Abd al-Ghaffar's Rebellion | Kazakh Khanate | Karakalpaks | Victory
|
Yesim Khan | ? |
? |
1603-1624 | Kazakh-Bukhara War | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory
|
? |
? | |
1607 | Yesim Khan conquest of Western Kazakhstan | Kazakh Khanate | Kalmyks | Victory | ? |
? | |
1643-1756 | Kazakh-Dzungar Wars | Kazakh Khanate | Dzungar Khanate![]() |
Victory
|
Salqam Jangir Khan | ~1,000,000 killed | ~1,500,000 killed |
1648 | Siege of Balkh[6] | Victory
|
Salqam Jangir Khan | ? |
~150,000 Indians killed | ||
1687 | Battle of Altai | Kazakh Khanate | Kyrgyz people | Victory | Tauke Khan | ? |
~300 killed |
1690-1703 | Kazakh-Russian border clashes[7] | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory
|
? |
~3,600 killed and captured | |
1703 | Kulugenev Ulus campaign | Kazakh khanate | Kyrgyz people | Victory
|
? |
? | |
1704-1711 | Bashkir rebellion of 1704–1711 | Bashkirs Supported by: Kazakh Khanate |
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Victory | ? |
~40,000+ killed | |
First period of the XVIII century | Kazakh-Cossack War | Kazakh Khanate
|
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Victory | Abul Khair Khan | ~350 killed and captured | ~16,600 killed and captured |
1756 | First Kazakh-Qing War | Kazakh Khanate |
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Victory
|
Ablai Khan | ? |
~17,000 killed |
1757 | Second Kazakh-Qing War | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Inconclusive
|
? |
? | |
1758-1760 | Third Kazakh-Qing War | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory
|
? |
? | |
1760-1779 | Kazakh-Kyrgyz Wars | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory
|
? |
~10,000+ killed | |
1765-1768 | Abylai Khan's Kokand campaign | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory
|
? |
? | |
1771 | Kalmyk Exodus to Dzungaria | Kazakh Khanate
Supported by: |
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Victory
|
? |
~100,000 died and killed | |
1772 | Abylai-Catherine split | Kazakh Khanate | ![]() |
Victory
|
? |
~638 killed | |
1773-1775 | Pugachev's Rebellion
![]() Map of Pugachev's Rebellion 1773—1775 |
Kazakhs and others | ![]() |
Initial victory, later defeat | ? |
8,500 killed | |
1825-1836 | Sarzhan Sultan's Rebellion | Kazakh rebels | ![]() ![]() |
Defeat
|
Sarzhan Qasymov | ~249 killed | ~22 killed and wounded |
1836-1838 | Isatai's Rebellion | Kazakh rebels from the Bukey Horde | ![]() Government of the Bukey Horde |
Defeat | Isatay Taymanuly | ? |
? |
1837-1847 | Kenesary's Rebellion
![]() Cossack raid on the Kazakh settlement. |
Kazakh Khanate |
|
Initial victory, later defeat | Kenesary Qasymov | ? |
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1839-1840 | Khivan campaign of 1839 | ![]() Junior Jüz |
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Victory | Makhambet Otemisuly | ? |
~2,500 killed |
Kazakhstan in the Russian Empire (1848—1917)
In 1847, the khan's power in the Kazakh zhuzes was abolished, and the territory as an administrative unit was included in the Russian Empire.
Date | Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result for Kazakhstan | Leader | Kazakh losses | Enemy losses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1847-1858 | Anti-Colonial Uprising | Kazakh rebels | ![]() |
Inconclusive
|
Eset Kotibaruli | ? |
~80 killed |
1850-1868 | Russo-Kokand War | ![]() Senior Jüz |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
Tezek Sultan | Minor | Significant |
1851 | Ak-Mechet Raid | Kazakh rebels | ![]() |
Victory
|
Zhankozha Nurmuhameduly | ? |
? |
1854 | Ormon Invasion | Senior Jüz | ![]() |
Victory
|
Sawryk Batyr | ? |
? |
1856-1857 | Syrdarya Uprising
|
Kazakh rebels | ![]() |
Initial victory, later defeat | Zhankozha Nurmuhameduly | ? |
? |
1858 | Anti-Khiva Uprising | Kazakh rebels Kyrgyz rebels |
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Victory | Eset Kotibaruli | ? |
? |
1863 | Qing invasion of Zhetysu | ![]() |
Victory
|
Tezek Sultan | ? |
? | |
1863 | Emba Raids | ![]() |
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Victory
|
Unknown | ? |
? |
1868-1869 | Uprising in the Ural and Turgai Oblasts
|
Kazakh rebels | ![]() |
Defeat | Seil Turkebaiuly Azbergen Munaytpasov Berkin Ospanuly |
~500 captured | ? |
1870 | Adayev uprising[9]
![]() Kazakhs from the Aday tribe
|
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Initial victory, later defeat
|
Isa Tlenbaev Dosan Tazhiev Yerzhan Kulov Ermembet Kulov Kutzhan Orakov |
? |
? |
1873 | Khivan campaign of 1873 | ![]() |
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Victory
|
Eset Kotibaruli | 33 killed and 124 wounded | ~5,000+ killed |
1916-1917 | Central Asian revolt of 1916
![]() Amankeldı İmanov (1873-1919). |
Turkic tribal confederations[10] | ![]() |
Defeat
|
Amankeldı İmanov | ~100,000–270,000 Central Asians (Turks, Tajiks) died from violence, famine and disease[12][13] | 2325 killed[14] 1384 missing[14] Total: 7,562 dead |
1917 | February Revolution
|
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Victory
|
? |
? |
Alash-Orda (1917—1920)
Kazakhs, tired of almost a century of Russian colonization, started to rise up. In the 1870s-80s, schools in Kazakhstan massively started to open, which developed elite, future Kazakh members of the Alash party. In 1916, after conscription of Muslims into the military for service in the Eastern Froby during World War I, Kazakhs and Kyrgyzs rose up against the Russian government, with uprisings until February 1917.
The state was proclaimed during the Second All-Kazakh Congress held at Orenburg from 5–13 December 1917 OS (18-26 NS), with a provisional government being established under the oversight of Alikhan Bukeikhanov. However, the nation's purported territory was still under the de facto control of the region's Russian-appointed governor, Vassily Balabanov, until 1919. In 1920, he fled the Russian Red Army for self-imposed exile in China, where he was recognised by the Chinese as Kazakhstan's legitimate ruler.
Following its proclamation in December 1917, Alash leaders established the Alash Orda, a Kazakh government which was aligned with the White Army and fought against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War. In 1919, when the White forces were losing, the Alash Autonomous government began negotiations with the Bolsheviks. By 1920, the Bolsheviks had defeated the White Russian forces in the region and occupied Kazakhstan. On 17 August 1920, the Soviet government established the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, which in 1925 changed its name to Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, and finally to Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936.
Date | Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result for Kazakhstan | Leader | Kazakh losses | Enemy losses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1918 | Capture of Semipalatinsk | ![]() |
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Victory
|
Alikhan Bukeikhanov | ? |
? |
1918 | Rubtsovsk Front | ![]() |
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Victory
|
? |
? | |
1918 | Night Attack at Gavrilovka[15] | ![]() |
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Victory
|
? |
~100 massacred | |
1918 | Siege of Sergiopol | ![]() |
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Victory | 7 killed and 20 wounded | ~200 soldiers killed and 100 civilians massacred | |
1918 | Battle of Makanchi | ![]() |
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Victory
|
~40 killed | ~100 killed | |
1918 | Battle of Kyzyl-Aghach | ![]() |
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Victory
|
? |
? | |
1918-1919 | Semirechye Front[16]
![]() Semirechye Oblast in 1900 |
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Victory
|
? |
? | |
1919 | Mariinsky uprising | ![]() |
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Victory
|
? |
~3,000 killed | |
1919 | Anti-Insurgency Operation | ![]() |
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Victory
|
? |
~4,000 killed | |
1919 | Spring offensive of the White Army
![]() The offensive in the spring of 1919 Kolchak's army |
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Victory | ? |
? | |
1919 | Turgai uprising[17]
![]() Turgai Oblast in 1914 |
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Victory
|
? |
~337 killed | |
1919 | Battle of Uralsk | ![]() |
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Victory
|
? |
~2000 killed and 2500 captured | |
1919-1920 | Ural-Guryev operation | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
? |
? |
Soviet Age (1920—1991)
The Kazakh ASSR was originally created as the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (not to be confused with Kirghiz ASSR of 1926–1936, on 26 August 1920 and was an autonomous republic within the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.
At 2,717,300 square kilometres (1,049,200 sq mi) in area, it was the second-largest republic in the USSR, after the Russian SFSR. Its capital was Alma-Ata (today known as Almaty). During its existence as a Soviet Socialist Republic, it was ruled by the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR (QKP).
Date | Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result for Kazakhstan | Secretary/Leader | Kazakh losses | Enemy losses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1916-1934 | Basmachi movement | ![]() |
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Victory | Viktor Ivanovich Naneishvili Filipp Goloshchyokin Levon Mirzoyan |
Several hundred thousand Kazakh and Kyrgyz people killed or evicted with an unknown amount dying to famine according to Sokol.[18] | ? |
1920 | Tolstov's Winter March | ![]() ![]() |
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Victory
|
Tobaniyaz Alniyazuly Khan (Aday tribe Khan) | ? |
~13,000 killed |
1921 | Kungrad campaign | ![]() |
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Victory | ? |
? | |
1929-1932 | Adayev uprising | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
~800 convicted | ? | |
1941-1945 | World War II ![]() Raising a Flag over the Reichstag, by Yevgeny Khaldei |
Allied Powers: | Axis Powers: | Victory
|
Qazaqbaev Abdisamet | ~600 000 killed | ~12,000,000 killed |
1954 | Kengir Uprising | ![]() |
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Victory
|
Panteleimon Ponomarenko | ~40 wounded | ~500–700 killed/wounded |
1959 | Workers' uprising in Temirtau | ![]() |
Rebellious builders (guests from other republics of the USSR) | Victory
|
Nikolai Belyaev | ? |
~11 killed and 32 wounded |
1979-1989 | Soviet-Afghan War | ![]() |
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Defeat
|
Dinmukhamed Kunaev | 947 killed 1770 wounded |
192,579 casualties |
Republic of Kazakhstan (1991—present)
Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union from 1988 to 1991.
Date | Conflict | Combatant I | Combatant II | Result for Kazakhstan | President of Kazakhstan | Kazakh losses | Enemy losses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991-2022 | Kazakh-Russian ethnic conflicts | ![]() |
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Victory
|
Nursultan Nazarbayev | ? |
-2,000,000 displaced and dozens arrested |
1992-1997 | Tajikistani Civil War | ![]() |
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Military stalemale
|
? |
? | |
1996-2001 | Afghan Civil War | ![]() ![]() |
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Military stalemale
|
? |
? | |
2002–present | Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa | ![]() ![]() |
Insurgents:
|
Ongoing
|
? |
1,230–1,367 militants killed in Somalia | |
2003-2011 | Iraq War | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Victory
|
? |
34,144-71,544 casualties | |
2011 | Counterterrorist Operation in the Temir region
![]() Temir district on the map of Kazakhstan |
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Victory
|
~5 killed | ~9 killed | |
2011 | Almaty Operation | ![]() |
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Victory
|
? |
~5 killed | |
2012 | Kulsary Operation | ![]() |
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Victory
|
? |
~5 killed, 1 wounded | |
2012 | Atyrau Operation | ![]() |
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Victory
|
? |
~4 killed | |
2022 | Kazakh unrest
![]() Counterterrorist forces in search for anti-government peoples at a parking lot in Almaty, 8 January 2022 |
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Ceasefire
|
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev | Totally: 257 killed and 9,900 arrested |
See also
References
- ↑ Kipchak | people
- ↑ Древняя Русь в свете зарубежных источников: Хрестоматия. Т. [V: Западноевропейские источники./Сост., леревод и комментарии А.В. Назаренко. - - М.: Русский фонд содействия образованию и науке, 2010. - - 512 с.
- ↑ «Половцы» Ю. В. Сухарев
- 1 2 3 «Очерки этнополитической истории кыпчаков» — Пилипчук Я.В., Сабитов Ж.М.
- 1 2 А. Кузембайулы, Е. Абиль: История Казахстана, с. 110
- ↑ Атыгаев Н. Казахское ханство: очерки внешнеполитической истории XV-XVII веков
- ↑ «Казахи и Россия» Р. Темиргалиев
- ↑ Торгутский побег: цена возвращения на историческую родину. WARHEAD.SU (2 ноября 2019). Дата обращения: 23 июня 2021. Архивировано 24 июня 2021 года
- ↑ "Мангыстауское восстание". Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия: в 5-ти томах. Vol. 3: К—М. Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. Гл. ред. Б. Г. Аяган. 2005. p. 479. ISBN 9965-9746-4-0.
- ↑ "Semirechye on Fire (Timestamp 33:30)". Retrieved 2018-11-20.
- 1 2 Ubiria, Grigol (2015). Soviet Nation-Building in Central Asia: The Making of the Kazakh and Uzbek Nations. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 978-1317504351.
- ↑ Morrison, Alexander (2020). The Russian Conquest of Central Asia: A Study in Imperial Expansion, 1814–1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 539. ISBN 978-1107030305.
- ↑ The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia, Edward Dennis Sokol, 1954, 2016, https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/revolt-1916-russian-central-asia
- 1 2 Sokol, Edward Dennis (2016-06-26). The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. JHU Press. p. 155. ISBN 9781421420516.
- ↑ Б. Абдыгалиулы; Военные формирования Алаш-Орды
- ↑ М. Ивлев. Гибель Семиреченского казачьего войска (1917-20 гг.) //Альманах «Белая гвардия», № 8. Казачество России в Белом движении. М.: «Посев», стр. 225—235
- ↑ Контрреволюционный переворот в Тургае
- ↑ Baberowski, Jörg; Doering-Manteuffel, Anselm (2009). Geyer, Michael; Fitzpatrick, Sheila (eds.). Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism compared. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-521-89796-9.
- ↑ Borer, Douglas A. (1999). Superpowers defeated: Vietnam and Afghanistan compared. London: Cass. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-7146-4851-4.
- ↑ Ержан Карабек (2011-09-09). Уральские события 1991 года. Тайны и легенды [Ural events of 1991. Secrets and legends]. Радио Азаттык (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
- ↑ Илья Азар [in Russian] (20 October 2014). Усть-Каменогорская народная республика Ждут ли русские в Казахстане "вежливых людей": репортаж Ильи Азара [Ust-Kamenogorsk People's Republic: Are Russians in Kazakhstan waiting for “polite people”: report by Ilya Azar] (in Russian). Meduza. Archived from the original on 2015-04-25.
- ↑ Как русские стали «малым народом» в Казахстане
- ↑ Медведев обвинил власти Казахстана в геноциде русских и заявил о воссоздании СССР
- ↑ "Somalia Leaders Killed". New America Foundation. 740 15th Street, N.W., Suite 900, Washington, DC 20005. 19 May 2016.
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