sumu
English
Etymology
From Mandarin 蘇木／苏木 (sūmù), from Mongolian ᠰᠤᠮᠤ (sumu), from Manchu ᠨᡳᡵᡠ (niru, “a large arrow, militia company, district”). Ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *sumun (“arrow”).
Noun
- Alternative form of sum (“Mongolian administrative division”), sometimes used in relation to Inner Mongolia.
Dongxiang
Etymology
From Proto-Mongolic *sumun, compare Mongolian сум (sum).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /suˈmu/
Estonian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈsumu/, [ˈsumu]
- Rhymes: -umu
- Hyphenation: su‧mu
Declension
| Declension of sumu (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | sumu | sumud | |
| accusative | nom. | ||
| gen. | sumu | ||
| genitive | sumude | ||
| partitive | sumu | sumusid | |
| illative | summu sumusse |
sumudesse | |
| inessive | sumus | sumudes | |
| elative | sumust | sumudest | |
| allative | sumule | sumudele | |
| adessive | sumul | sumudel | |
| ablative | sumult | sumudelt | |
| translative | sumuks | sumudeks | |
| terminative | sumuni | sumudeni | |
| essive | sumuna | sumudena | |
| abessive | sumuta | sumudeta | |
| comitative | sumuga | sumudega | |
Derived terms
- sumune
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *sumu. Related to sumea, Ingrian sumu, Karelian sumu, Veps sumeg. Possible non-Balto-Finnic cognates include Northern Sami sopmu (probably borrowed from Finnic) and Erzya сув (suv).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈsumu/, [ˈs̠umu]
- Rhymes: -umu
- Syllabification(key): su‧mu
Usage notes
- The words sumu, usva and utu all describe "water vapor lightly suspended near the ground", but – strictly speaking – at different degrees. However, they may often be used synonymously with no discretion.
- Utu describes very light vapor near the ground, especially that occurring in the morning and therefore it is translated usually as "mist" or "haze".
- Usva describes a bit thicker vapor than utu near the ground, especially when considering the water travelling conditions. Therefore, it is translated usually as "mist", "haze" or "fog".
- Sumu describes very thick vapor obscuring the visibility near the ground and thus, it is translated usually as "mist" or "fog".
Declension
| Inflection of sumu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | sumu | sumut | ||
| genitive | sumun | sumujen | ||
| partitive | sumua | sumuja | ||
| illative | sumuun | sumuihin | ||
| singular | plural | |||
| nominative | sumu | sumut | ||
| accusative | nom. | sumu | sumut | |
| gen. | sumun | |||
| genitive | sumun | sumujen | ||
| partitive | sumua | sumuja | ||
| inessive | sumussa | sumuissa | ||
| elative | sumusta | sumuista | ||
| illative | sumuun | sumuihin | ||
| adessive | sumulla | sumuilla | ||
| ablative | sumulta | sumuilta | ||
| allative | sumulle | sumuille | ||
| essive | sumuna | sumuina | ||
| translative | sumuksi | sumuiksi | ||
| abessive | sumutta | sumuitta | ||
| instructive | — | sumuin | ||
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | |||
| Possessive forms of sumu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
- aamusumu
- emissiosumu
- haihtumissumu
- heijastussumu
- hernerokkasumu
- höyrysumu
- jääsumu
- kaasusumu
- kierteissumu
- kissansilmäsumu
- kyynelsumu
- merisumu
- Orionin sumu
- planetaarinen sumu
- rengassumu
- savusumu
- sekoitussumu
- siirtymäsumu
- Sumiainen
- sumuaine
- sumuharso
- sumuinen
- sumukammio
- sumukuivaus
- sumumainen
- sumumerkki
- sumupaalu
- sumupeite
- sumupilvi
- sumupisara
- sumusireeni
- sumusuihku
- sumuta
- sumutorvi
- sumuttaa
- sumuvaippa
- sumuvalo
- sumuvarjo
- sumuverho
- säteilysumu
- takasumuvalo
- tähtisumu
Further reading
- “sumu”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03
Anagrams
Ingrian
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈsumu/, [ˈs̠umu]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈsumu/, [ˈʃumu]
- Rhymes: -umu
- Hyphenation: su‧mu
- Homophone: šumu
Declension
| Declension of sumu (type 4/koivu, no gradation, gemination) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | sumu | sumut |
| genitive | sumun | summuin, sumuloin |
| partitive | summua | sumuja, sumuloja |
| illative | summuu | summui, sumuloihe |
| inessive | sumus | sumuis, sumulois |
| elative | sumust | sumuist, sumuloist |
| allative | sumulle | sumuille, sumuloille |
| adessive | sumul | sumuil, sumuloil |
| ablative | sumult | sumuilt, sumuloilt |
| translative | sumuks | sumuiks, sumuloiks |
| essive | sumunna, summuun | sumuinna, sumuloinna, summuin, sumuloin |
| exessive1) | sumunt | sumuint, sumuloint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 550
Ternate
Etymology
Likely through Proto-Ternate-Tidore, from Malay sumur or Javanese ꦱꦸꦩꦸꦂ (sumur), both from Old Javanese sumur.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈsu.mu/
Descendants
References
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
Yakan
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