sukuma
See also: Sukuma
Swahili
Pronunciation
Audio (Kenya) (file)
Conjugation
Conjugation of -sukuma | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. |
Derived terms
- Nominal derivations:
- msukumo (“pressure; impulse, impetus”)
- sukuma wiki
Zulu
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Inflection
Tone H | |||||||||
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Infinitive | ukusukuma | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukusukuma | ukungasukumi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | sukuma | -sukume | |||||||
Plural | sukumani | -sukumeni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyasukuma, ngisukuma | engisukumayo, engisukuma | ngisukuma | angisukumi | engingasukumi | ngingasukumi | |||
2nd singular | uyasukuma, usukuma | osukumayo, osukuma | usukuma | awusukumi | ongasukumi | ungasukumi | |||
1st plural | siyasukuma, sisukuma | esisukumayo, esisukuma | sisukuma | asisukumi | esingasukumi | singasukumi | |||
2nd plural | niyasukuma, nisukuma | enisukumayo, enisukuma | nisukuma | anisukumi | eningasukumi | ningasukumi | |||
Class 1 | uyasukuma, usukuma | osukumayo, osukuma | esukuma | akasukumi | ongasukumi | engasukumi | |||
Class 2 | bayasukuma, basukuma | abasukumayo, abasukuma | besukuma | abasukumi | abangasukumi | bengasukumi | |||
Class 3 | uyasukuma, usukuma | osukumayo, osukuma | usukuma | awusukumi | ongasukumi | ungasukumi | |||
Class 4 | iyasukuma, isukuma | esukumayo, esukuma | isukuma | ayisukumi | engasukumi | ingasukumi | |||
Class 5 | liyasukuma, lisukuma | elisukumayo, elisukuma | lisukuma | alisukumi | elingasukumi | lingasukumi | |||
Class 6 | ayasukuma, asukuma | asukumayo, asukuma | esukuma | awasukumi | angasukumi | engasukumi | |||
Class 7 | siyasukuma, sisukuma | esisukumayo, esisukuma | sisukuma | asisukumi | esingasukumi | singasukumi | |||
Class 8 | ziyasukuma, zisukuma | ezisukumayo, ezisukuma | zisukuma | azisukumi | ezingasukumi | zingasukumi | |||
Class 9 | iyasukuma, isukuma | esukumayo, esukuma | isukuma | ayisukumi | engasukumi | ingasukumi | |||
Class 10 | ziyasukuma, zisukuma | ezisukumayo, ezisukuma | zisukuma | azisukumi | ezingasukumi | zingasukumi | |||
Class 11 | luyasukuma, lusukuma | olusukumayo, olusukuma | lusukuma | alusukumi | olungasukumi | lungasukumi | |||
Class 14 | buyasukuma, busukuma | obusukumayo, obusukuma | busukuma | abusukumi | obungasukumi | bungasukumi | |||
Class 15 | kuyasukuma, kusukuma | okusukumayo, okusukuma | kusukuma | akusukumi | okungasukumi | kungasukumi | |||
Class 17 | kuyasukuma, kusukuma | okusukumayo, okusukuma | kusukuma | akusukumi | okungasukumi | kungasukumi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngisukumile, ngisukumē | engisukumile, engisukumē | ngisukumile, ngisukumē | angisukumanga | engingasukumanga | ngingasukumanga | |||
2nd singular | usukumile, usukumē | osukumile, osukumē | usukumile, usukumē | awusukumanga | ongasukumanga | ungasukumanga | |||
1st plural | sisukumile, sisukumē | esisukumile, esisukumē | sisukumile, sisukumē | asisukumanga | esingasukumanga | singasukumanga | |||
2nd plural | nisukumile, nisukumē | enisukumile, enisukumē | nisukumile, nisukumē | anisukumanga | eningasukumanga | ningasukumanga | |||
Class 1 | usukumile, usukumē | osukumile, osukumē | esukumile, esukumē | akasukumanga | ongasukumanga | engasukumanga | |||
Class 2 | basukumile, basukumē | abasukumile, abasukumē | besukumile, besukumē | abasukumanga | abangasukumanga | bengasukumanga | |||
Class 3 | usukumile, usukumē | osukumile, osukumē | usukumile, usukumē | awusukumanga | ongasukumanga | ungasukumanga | |||
Class 4 | isukumile, isukumē | esukumile, esukumē | isukumile, isukumē | ayisukumanga | engasukumanga | ingasukumanga | |||
Class 5 | lisukumile, lisukumē | elisukumile, elisukumē | lisukumile, lisukumē | alisukumanga | elingasukumanga | lingasukumanga | |||
Class 6 | asukumile, asukumē | asukumile, asukumē | esukumile, esukumē | awasukumanga | angasukumanga | engasukumanga | |||
Class 7 | sisukumile, sisukumē | esisukumile, esisukumē | sisukumile, sisukumē | asisukumanga | esingasukumanga | singasukumanga | |||
Class 8 | zisukumile, zisukumē | ezisukumile, ezisukumē | zisukumile, zisukumē | azisukumanga | ezingasukumanga | zingasukumanga | |||
Class 9 | isukumile, isukumē | esukumile, esukumē | isukumile, isukumē | ayisukumanga | engasukumanga | ingasukumanga | |||
Class 10 | zisukumile, zisukumē | ezisukumile, ezisukumē | zisukumile, zisukumē | azisukumanga | ezingasukumanga | zingasukumanga | |||
Class 11 | lusukumile, lusukumē | olusukumile, olusukumē | lusukumile, lusukumē | alusukumanga | olungasukumanga | lungasukumanga | |||
Class 14 | busukumile, busukumē | obusukumile, obusukumē | busukumile, busukumē | abusukumanga | obungasukumanga | bungasukumanga | |||
Class 15 | kusukumile, kusukumē | okusukumile, okusukumē | kusukumile, kusukumē | akusukumanga | okungasukumanga | kungasukumanga | |||
Class 17 | kusukumile, kusukumē | okusukumile, okusukumē | kusukumile, kusukumē | akusukumanga | okungasukumanga | kungasukumanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāsukuma | engāsukuma | ngāsukuma | angisukumanga | engingasukumanga | ngingasukumanga | |||
2nd singular | wāsukuma | owāsukuma | wāsukuma | awusukumanga | ongasukumanga | ungasukumanga | |||
1st plural | sāsukuma | esāsukuma | sāsukuma | asisukumanga | esingasukumanga | singasukumanga | |||
2nd plural | nāsukuma | enāsukuma | nāsukuma | anisukumanga | eningasukumanga | ningasukumanga | |||
Class 1 | wāsukuma | owāsukuma | āsukuma | akasukumanga | ongasukumanga | engasukumanga | |||
Class 2 | bāsukuma | abāsukuma | bāsukuma | abasukumanga | abangasukumanga | bengasukumanga | |||
Class 3 | wāsukuma | owāsukuma | wāsukuma | awusukumanga | ongasukumanga | ungasukumanga | |||
Class 4 | yāsukuma | eyāsukuma | yāsukuma | ayisukumanga | engasukumanga | ingasukumanga | |||
Class 5 | lāsukuma | elāsukuma | lāsukuma | alisukumanga | elingasukumanga | lingasukumanga | |||
Class 6 | āsukuma | āsukuma | āsukuma | awasukumanga | angasukumanga | engasukumanga | |||
Class 7 | sāsukuma | esāsukuma | sāsukuma | asisukumanga | esingasukumanga | singasukumanga | |||
Class 8 | zāsukuma | ezāsukuma | zāsukuma | azisukumanga | ezingasukumanga | zingasukumanga | |||
Class 9 | yāsukuma | eyāsukuma | yāsukuma | ayisukumanga | engasukumanga | ingasukumanga | |||
Class 10 | zāsukuma | ezāsukuma | zāsukuma | azisukumanga | ezingasukumanga | zingasukumanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāsukuma | olwāsukuma | lwāsukuma | alusukumanga | olungasukumanga | lungasukumanga | |||
Class 14 | bāsukuma | obāsukuma | bāsukuma | abusukumanga | obungasukumanga | bungasukumanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāsukuma | okwāsukuma | kwāsukuma | akusukumanga | okungasukumanga | kungasukumanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāsukuma | okwāsukuma | kwāsukuma | akusukumanga | okungasukumanga | kungasukumanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingasukuma | — | ngingasukuma | ngingesukume | — | ngingesukume | |||
2nd singular | ungasukuma | — | ungasukuma | ungesukume | — | ungesukume | |||
1st plural | singasukuma | — | singasukuma | singesukume | — | singesukume | |||
2nd plural | ningasukuma | — | ningasukuma | ningesukume | — | ningesukume | |||
Class 1 | angasukuma | — | engasukuma | angesukume | — | engesukume | |||
Class 2 | bangasukuma | — | bengasukuma | bangesukume | — | bengesukume | |||
Class 3 | ungasukuma | — | ungasukuma | ungesukume | — | ungesukume | |||
Class 4 | ingasukuma | — | ingasukuma | ingesukume | — | ingesukume | |||
Class 5 | lingasukuma | — | lingasukuma | lingesukume | — | lingesukume | |||
Class 6 | angasukuma | — | engasukuma | angesukume | — | engesukume | |||
Class 7 | singasukuma | — | singasukuma | singesukume | — | singesukume | |||
Class 8 | zingasukuma | — | zingasukuma | zingesukume | — | zingesukume | |||
Class 9 | ingasukuma | — | ingasukuma | ingesukume | — | ingesukume | |||
Class 10 | zingasukuma | — | zingasukuma | zingesukume | — | zingesukume | |||
Class 11 | lungasukuma | — | lungasukuma | lungesukume | — | lungesukume | |||
Class 14 | bungasukuma | — | bungasukuma | bungesukume | — | bungesukume | |||
Class 15 | kungasukuma | — | kungasukuma | kungesukume | — | kungesukume | |||
Class 17 | kungasukuma | — | kungasukuma | kungesukume | — | kungesukume | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizosukuma | engizosukuma | ngizosukuma | angizusukuma | engingezusukuma | ngingezusukuma | |||
2nd singular | uzosukuma | ozosukuma | uzosukuma | awuzusukuma | ongezusukuma | ungezusukuma | |||
1st plural | sizosukuma | esizosukuma | sizosukuma | asizusukuma | esingezusukuma | singezusukuma | |||
2nd plural | nizosukuma | enizosukuma | nizosukuma | anizusukuma | eningezusukuma | ningezusukuma | |||
Class 1 | uzosukuma | ozosukuma | ezosukuma | akazusukuma | ongezusukuma | engezusukuma | |||
Class 2 | bazosukuma | abazosukuma | bezosukuma | abazusukuma | abangezusukuma | bengezusukuma | |||
Class 3 | uzosukuma | ozosukuma | uzosukuma | awuzusukuma | ongezusukuma | ungezusukuma | |||
Class 4 | izosukuma | ezosukuma | izosukuma | ayizusukuma | engezusukuma | ingezusukuma | |||
Class 5 | lizosukuma | elizosukuma | lizosukuma | alizusukuma | elingezusukuma | lingezusukuma | |||
Class 6 | azosukuma | azosukuma | ezosukuma | awazusukuma | angezusukuma | engezusukuma | |||
Class 7 | sizosukuma | esizosukuma | sizosukuma | asizusukuma | esingezusukuma | singezusukuma | |||
Class 8 | zizosukuma | ezizosukuma | zizosukuma | azizusukuma | ezingezusukuma | zingezusukuma | |||
Class 9 | izosukuma | ezosukuma | izosukuma | ayizusukuma | engezusukuma | ingezusukuma | |||
Class 10 | zizosukuma | ezizosukuma | zizosukuma | azizusukuma | ezingezusukuma | zingezusukuma | |||
Class 11 | luzosukuma | oluzosukuma | luzosukuma | aluzusukuma | olungezusukuma | lungezusukuma | |||
Class 14 | buzosukuma | obuzosukuma | buzosukuma | abuzusukuma | obungezusukuma | bungezusukuma | |||
Class 15 | kuzosukuma | okuzosukuma | kuzosukuma | akuzusukuma | okungezusukuma | kungezusukuma | |||
Class 17 | kuzosukuma | okuzosukuma | kuzosukuma | akuzusukuma | okungezusukuma | kungezusukuma | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyosukuma | engiyosukuma | ngiyosukuma | angiyusukuma | engingeyusukuma | ngingeyusukuma | |||
2nd singular | uyosukuma | oyosukuma | uyosukuma | awuyusukuma | ongeyusukuma | ungeyusukuma | |||
1st plural | siyosukuma | esiyosukuma | siyosukuma | asiyusukuma | esingeyusukuma | singeyusukuma | |||
2nd plural | niyosukuma | eniyosukuma | niyosukuma | aniyusukuma | eningeyusukuma | ningeyusukuma | |||
Class 1 | uyosukuma | oyosukuma | eyosukuma | akayusukuma | ongeyusukuma | engeyusukuma | |||
Class 2 | bayosukuma | abayosukuma | beyosukuma | abayusukuma | abangeyusukuma | bengeyusukuma | |||
Class 3 | uyosukuma | oyosukuma | uyosukuma | awuyusukuma | ongeyusukuma | ungeyusukuma | |||
Class 4 | iyosukuma | eyosukuma | iyosukuma | ayiyusukuma | engeyusukuma | ingeyusukuma | |||
Class 5 | liyosukuma | eliyosukuma | liyosukuma | aliyusukuma | elingeyusukuma | lingeyusukuma | |||
Class 6 | ayosukuma | ayosukuma | eyosukuma | awayusukuma | angeyusukuma | engeyusukuma | |||
Class 7 | siyosukuma | esiyosukuma | siyosukuma | asiyusukuma | esingeyusukuma | singeyusukuma | |||
Class 8 | ziyosukuma | eziyosukuma | ziyosukuma | aziyusukuma | ezingeyusukuma | zingeyusukuma | |||
Class 9 | iyosukuma | eyosukuma | iyosukuma | ayiyusukuma | engeyusukuma | ingeyusukuma | |||
Class 10 | ziyosukuma | eziyosukuma | ziyosukuma | aziyusukuma | ezingeyusukuma | zingeyusukuma | |||
Class 11 | luyosukuma | oluyosukuma | luyosukuma | aluyusukuma | olungeyusukuma | lungeyusukuma | |||
Class 14 | buyosukuma | obuyosukuma | buyosukuma | abuyusukuma | obungeyusukuma | bungeyusukuma | |||
Class 15 | kuyosukuma | okuyosukuma | kuyosukuma | akuyusukuma | okungeyusukuma | kungeyusukuma | |||
Class 17 | kuyosukuma | okuyosukuma | kuyosukuma | akuyusukuma | okungeyusukuma | kungeyusukuma | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngisukume | ngingasukumi | |||||||
2nd singular | usukume | ungasukumi | |||||||
1st plural | sisukume | singasukumi | |||||||
2nd plural | nisukume | ningasukumi | |||||||
Class 1 | asukume | angasukumi | |||||||
Class 2 | basukume | bangasukumi | |||||||
Class 3 | usukume | ungasukumi | |||||||
Class 4 | isukume | ingasukumi | |||||||
Class 5 | lisukume | lingasukumi | |||||||
Class 6 | asukume | angasukumi | |||||||
Class 7 | sisukume | singasukumi | |||||||
Class 8 | zisukume | zingasukumi | |||||||
Class 9 | isukume | ingasukumi | |||||||
Class 10 | zisukume | zingasukumi | |||||||
Class 11 | lusukume | lungasukumi | |||||||
Class 14 | busukume | bungasukumi | |||||||
Class 15 | kusukume | kungasukumi | |||||||
Class 17 | kusukume | kungasukumi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngasukuma | ngangasukuma, angasukuma, angangasukuma | |||||||
2nd singular | wasukuma | wangasukuma, awasukuma, awangasukuma | |||||||
1st plural | sasukuma | sangasukuma, asasukuma, asangasukuma | |||||||
2nd plural | nasukuma | nangasukuma, anasukuma, anangasukuma | |||||||
Class 1 | wasukuma | wangasukuma, akasukuma, akangasukuma | |||||||
Class 2 | basukuma | bangasukuma, abasukuma, abangasukuma | |||||||
Class 3 | wasukuma | wangasukuma, awasukuma, awangasukuma | |||||||
Class 4 | yasukuma | yangasukuma, ayasukuma, ayangasukuma | |||||||
Class 5 | lasukuma | langasukuma, alasukuma, alangasukuma | |||||||
Class 6 | asukuma | angasukuma, awasukuma, awangasukuma | |||||||
Class 7 | sasukuma | sangasukuma, asasukuma, asangasukuma | |||||||
Class 8 | zasukuma | zangasukuma, azasukuma, azangasukuma | |||||||
Class 9 | yasukuma | yangasukuma, ayasukuma, ayangasukuma | |||||||
Class 10 | zasukuma | zangasukuma, azasukuma, azangasukuma | |||||||
Class 11 | lwasukuma | lwangasukuma, alwasukuma, alwangasukuma | |||||||
Class 14 | basukuma | bangasukuma, abasukuma, abangasukuma | |||||||
Class 15 | kwasukuma | kwangasukuma, akwasukuma, akwangasukuma | |||||||
Class 17 | kwasukuma | kwangasukuma, akwasukuma, akwangasukuma |
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “sukuma”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “sukuma (3.2.9)”
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