ruma
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Estonian rumal (“stupid”), Ingrian ruma (“ugly”), Livonian rumāli (“dirty”), Livvi ruma, Veps ruma (“ugly; coarse”) and Votic ruma. The Finnic word has been borrowed into Sami; compare Northern Sami ropmi.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ̝]
- Rhymes: -umɑ
- Syllabification(key): ru‧ma
Adjective
ruma (comparative rumempi, superlative rumin)
- ugly (displeasing to the eye or ear)
- Synonyms: epäesteettinen, pahannäköinen
- Antonym: kaunis
- ugly, dirty (offensive to one's sensibilities or morality)
- dirty (of a word or language in general: something considered vulgar)
- ruma sana ― dirty word
Declension
| Inflection of ruma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ruma | rumat | |
| genitive | ruman | rumien | |
| partitive | rumaa | rumia | |
| illative | rumaan | rumiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | ruma | rumat | |
| accusative | nom. | ruma | rumat |
| gen. | ruman | ||
| genitive | ruman | rumien rumainrare | |
| partitive | rumaa | rumia | |
| inessive | rumassa | rumissa | |
| elative | rumasta | rumista | |
| illative | rumaan | rumiin | |
| adessive | rumalla | rumilla | |
| ablative | rumalta | rumilta | |
| allative | rumalle | rumille | |
| essive | rumana | rumina | |
| translative | rumaksi | rumiksi | |
| abessive | rumatta | rumitta | |
| instructive | — | rumin | |
| comitative | — | rumine | |
| Possessive forms of ruma (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms
Further reading
- “ruma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03
Gothic
Hiri Motu
Etymology
From Proto-Oceanic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.
Ingrian
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
- Rhymes: -umɑ
- Hyphenation: ru‧ma
Declension
| Declension of ruma (type 3/koira, no gradation, gemination) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | ruma | rumat |
| genitive | ruman | rummiin |
| partitive | rummaa | rummia |
| illative | rummaa | rummii |
| inessive | rumas | rumis |
| elative | rumast | rumist |
| allative | rumalle | rumille |
| adessive | rumal | rumil |
| ablative | rumalt | rumilt |
| translative | rumaks | rumiks |
| essive | rumanna, rummaan | ruminna, rummiin |
| exessive1) | rumant | rumint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Synonyms
- (low-quality): prostoi
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 491
Kikuyu
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɾuma/
Derived terms
(Proverbs)
- kĩonje kĩrumaga mũhiũhia
References
- Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).
Latin
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈruː.ma/, [ˈruːmä] or IPA(key): /ˈru.ma/, [ˈrʊmä]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈru.ma/, [ˈruːmä]
- The length of the U is not directly attested. It should be short based on the attested short vowel in the derivative irrumō, but a pronunciation with long ū may have developed due to influence from and conflation with rūmen.[1]
Etymology 1
Unknown. Possibly from Etruscan [Term?].
Declension
First-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | rū̆ma | rū̆mae |
| Genitive | rū̆mae | rū̆mārum |
| Dative | rū̆mae | rū̆mīs |
| Accusative | rū̆mam | rū̆mās |
| Ablative | rū̆mā | rū̆mīs |
| Vocative | rū̆ma | rū̆mae |
Etymology 2
The same as rūmen.
Noun
rūma f (genitive rūmae); first declension
Declension
First-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | rūma | rūmae |
| Genitive | rūmae | rūmārum |
| Dative | rūmae | rūmīs |
| Accusative | rūmam | rūmās |
| Ablative | rūmā | rūmīs |
| Vocative | rūma | rūmae |
References
- “ruma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ruma in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- Ernout, Alfred, Meillet, Antoine (1985) “ruma”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections of Jacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published 2001, page 580
Lower Sorbian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈruma/
Muduapa
Etymology
From Proto-Oceanic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumaq, from Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.
Portuguese
Verb
ruma
- inflection of rumar:
- third-person singular present indicative
- second-person singular imperative
Puyuma
Etymology
From Proto-Austronesian *ʀumaq.
References
- Stacy Fang-Ching Teng (鄧芳青), A Reference Grammar Of Puyuma, An Austronesian Language Of Taiwan, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2008.
Venda
Veps
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *ruma, possibly a North Germanic borrowing. Cognates include Finnish ruma.
Inflection
| Inflection of ruma (inflection type 6/kuva) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative sing. | ruma | ||
| genitive sing. | ruman | ||
| partitive sing. | rumad | ||
| partitive plur. | rumid | ||
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | ruma | rumad | |
| accusative | ruman | rumad | |
| genitive | ruman | rumiden | |
| partitive | rumad | rumid | |
| essive-instructive | ruman | rumin | |
| translative | rumaks | rumikš | |
| inessive | rumas | rumiš | |
| elative | rumaspäi | rumišpäi | |
| illative | rumaha | rumihe | |
| adessive | rumal | rumil | |
| ablative | rumalpäi | rumilpäi | |
| allative | rumale | rumile | |
| abessive | rumata | rumita | |
| comitative | rumanke | rumidenke | |
| prolative | rumadme | rumidme | |
| approximative I | rumanno | rumidenno | |
| approximative II | rumannoks | rumidennoks | |
| egressive | rumannopäi | rumidennopäi | |
| terminative I | rumahasai | rumihesai | |
| terminative II | rumalesai | rumilesai | |
| terminative III | rumassai | — | |
| additive I | rumahapäi | rumihepäi | |
| additive II | rumalepäi | rumilepäi | |
References
- Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “грубый, некрасивый”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
Votic
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *ruma.
Pronunciation
- (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈrumɑ/, [ˈrumɑ]
- Rhymes: -umɑ
- Hyphenation: ru‧ma
Inflection
| Declension of ruma (type V/poikõ, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | ruma | rumad |
| genitive | ruma | rumijõ, rumii |
| partitive | rumma | rumiitõ, rumii |
| illative | rummasõ, rumma | rumiisõ |
| inessive | rumaz | rumiiz |
| elative | rumassõ | rumiissõ |
| allative | rumalõ | rumiilõ |
| adessive | rumallõ | rumiillõ |
| ablative | rumaltõ | rumiiltõ |
| translative | rumassi | rumiissi |
| *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive. | ||
References
- Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “ruma”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn
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