jrm

Contracted from earlier r mn (“together with”), from still earlier r mn m (“up to, as far as”, literally “to remain in”).

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /irɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: irem

1. (Late Egyptian) together with, along with, with (comitative)

   Synonym: ḥnꜥ

2. (Late Egyptian, less commonly) and, in addition to

In Late Egyptian jrm is usually used instead of ḥnꜥ with comitative meaning, and ḥnꜥ is used mostly to express coordination (‘and’) between defined elements. As time passes jrm replaces ḥnꜥ more and more, while on the other hand ḥnꜥ is often found instead of jrm in texts of a higher linguistic register.

• Demotic: jrm
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲛⲉⲙ (nem)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲛ̄ (mn̄), ⲛⲙ̄ⲙⲁ⸗ (nm̄ma⸗)

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 115.17–115.20
• Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 44, 89–90
• Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 83