ḥnꜥ

• IPA^(key): */ħəl/ (nominal state)

ḥnꜥ

1. and, with, or

• Old Coptic: ⳍⲗ- (ḥl-)[1]

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /hɛnɑː/
  • Conventional anglicization: hena

1. along with, with (comitative)

   Synonym: (Late Egyptian) jrm

   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 119–123:

     jw dpt r jjt m ẖnw sqdw jm.s rḫ.n.k šm.k ḥnꜥ.sn r ẖnw m(w)t.k m nwt.k

     A boat is to come from home with sailors in it whom you know. You will go home with them, and you will die in your (own) town.

   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.8–1.9:

     jr swrj.k ḥnꜥ tḫw šzp.k jw jb.f ḥtp.w

     If you drink with a drunkard, you should partake when his heart is satisfied.

2. and, in addition to
   • c. 1600 BCE, Westcar Papyrus, column 7, lines 1-4:[1]

     jw.f m nḏs n(j) rnpt 110 jw.f ḥr wnm t 500 rmn n(j) jḥ m jwf ḥnꜥ zwrj ḥ(n)qt ds 100 r-mn-m hrw pn

     He is a commoner a hundred and ten years old, who eats five hundred loaves of bread, a shoulder of beef for meat and drinks a hundred jars of beer, up to this day.

Conjunction is usually expressed by directly juxtaposing two nouns, but occasionally ḥnꜥ or ḥr are used to link the nouns instead. The latter (ḥr) may represent a somewhat closer coordination than the former (ḥnꜥ).

In Late Egyptian jrm is usually used instead of ḥnꜥ with comitative meaning, and ḥnꜥ is used mostly to express coordination (‘and’) between defined elements. As time passes jrm replaces ḥnꜥ more and more, while on the other hand ḥnꜥ is often found instead of jrm in texts of a higher linguistic register.

• Demotic: ḥnꜥ
  • Old Coptic: ⳍⲗ- (ḥl-)[2]

1. Abbreviated form of ḥnꜥw (“along with them”)

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 87.
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
• Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 89–90