hrinda
Icelandic
Etymology
From the Old Norse hrinda, from Proto-Germanic *hrindaną.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈr̥ɪnta/
- Rhymes: -ɪnta
Verb
hrinda (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative hratt, third-person plural past indicative hrundu, supine hrundið) or
hrinda (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative hrinti, supine hrint)
- (transitive, governs the dative) to push, shove
- Hún hrinti mér!
- She pushed me!
- Áhöld eru um hvort Gunnar hafi dottið niður stigann eða honum verið hrint.
- It is debated whether Gunnar fell down the stairs or was pushed.
- (transitive, governs the dative, figuratively) to get something going, to push into action, often used in set phrases such as hrinda í framkvæmd (“to put into effect”) or hrinda af stað (“to start”).
- Í maí var verkinu loks hrundið í framkvæmd.
- The project was finally started in May.
- Að hrinda af stað byltingu.
- To start a revolution.
- Að hrinda af stað fyrirtæki.
- To start a company.
Usage notes
The strong conjugation is mostly used for sense 2. Moreover, weak forms are now always used in the present tense and the original strong forms in singular present indicative (hrind, hrindur) are obsolete.
Conjugation
Strong conjugation:
hrinda — active voice (germynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) |
að hrinda | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) |
hrundið | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) |
hrindandi | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) |
subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) |
ég hrind | við hrindum | present (nútíð) |
ég hrindi | við hrindum |
| þú hrindur | þið hrindið | þú hrindir | þið hrindið | ||
| hann, hún, það hrindur | þeir, þær, þau hrinda | hann, hún, það hrindi | þeir, þær, þau hrindi | ||
| past (þátíð) |
ég hratt | við hrundum | past (þátíð) |
ég hryndi | við hryndum |
| þú hrast | þið hrunduð | þú hryndir | þið hrynduð | ||
| hann, hún, það hratt | þeir, þær, þau hrundu | hann, hún, það hryndi | þeir, þær, þau hryndu | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) |
hrind (þú) | hrindið (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| hrittu | hrindiði * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
hrindast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) |
að hrindast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) |
hrundist | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) |
hrindandist ** ** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) |
subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) |
ég hrinst | við hrindumst | present (nútíð) |
ég hrindist | við hrindumst |
| þú hrinst | þið hrindist | þú hrindist | þið hrindist | ||
| hann, hún, það hrinst | þeir, þær, þau hrindast | hann, hún, það hrindist | þeir, þær, þau hrindist | ||
| past (þátíð) |
ég hrast | við hrundumst | past (þátíð) |
ég hryndist | við hryndumst |
| þú hrast | þið hrundust | þú hryndist | þið hryndust | ||
| hann, hún, það hrast | þeir, þær, þau hrundust | hann, hún, það hryndist | þeir, þær, þau hryndust | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) |
hrinst (þú) | hrindist (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| hrinstu | hrindisti * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
hrundinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
| strong declension (sterk beyging) |
singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) |
masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) |
hrundinn | hrundin | hrundið | hrundnir | hrundnar | hrundin | |
| accusative (þolfall) |
hrundinn | hrundna | hrundið | hrundna | hrundnar | hrundin | |
| dative (þágufall) |
hrundnum | hrundinni | hrundnu | hrundnum | hrundnum | hrundnum | |
| genitive (eignarfall) |
hrundins | hrundinnar | hrundins | hrundinna | hrundinna | hrundinna | |
| weak declension (veik beyging) |
singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
| masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) |
masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) |
hrundni | hrundna | hrundna | hrundnu | hrundnu | hrundnu | |
| accusative (þolfall) |
hrundna | hrundnu | hrundna | hrundnu | hrundnu | hrundnu | |
| dative (þágufall) |
hrundna | hrundnu | hrundna | hrundnu | hrundnu | hrundnu | |
| genitive (eignarfall) |
hrundna | hrundnu | hrundna | hrundnu | hrundnu | hrundnu | |
Weak conjugation:
hrinda — active voice (germynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) |
að hrinda | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) |
hrint | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) |
hrindandi | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) |
subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) |
ég hrindi | við hrindum | present (nútíð) |
ég hrindi | við hrindum |
| þú hrindir | þið hrindið | þú hrindir | þið hrindið | ||
| hann, hún, það hrindir | þeir, þær, þau hrinda | hann, hún, það hrindi | þeir, þær, þau hrindi | ||
| past (þátíð) |
ég hrinti | við hrintum | past (þátíð) |
ég hrinti | við hrintum |
| þú hrintir | þið hrintuð | þú hrintir | þið hrintuð | ||
| hann, hún, það hrinti | þeir, þær, þau hrintu | hann, hún, það hrinti | þeir, þær, þau hrintu | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) |
hrind (þú) | hrindið (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| hrintu | hrindiði * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
hrindast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)
| infinitive (nafnháttur) |
að hrindast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) |
hrinst | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) |
hrindandist ** ** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) |
subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) |
ég hrindist | við hrindumst | present (nútíð) |
ég hrindist | við hrindumst |
| þú hrindist | þið hrindist | þú hrindist | þið hrindist | ||
| hann, hún, það hrindist | þeir, þær, þau hrindast | hann, hún, það hrindist | þeir, þær, þau hrindist | ||
| past (þátíð) |
ég hrintist | við hrintumst | past (þátíð) |
ég hrintist | við hrintumst |
| þú hrintist | þið hrintust | þú hrintist | þið hrintust | ||
| hann, hún, það hrintist | þeir, þær, þau hrintust | hann, hún, það hrintist | þeir, þær, þau hrintust | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) |
hrinst (þú) | hrindist (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| hrinstu | hrindisti * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
hrintur — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
| strong declension (sterk beyging) |
singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) |
masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) |
hrintur | hrint | hrint | hrintir | hrintar | hrint | |
| accusative (þolfall) |
hrintan | hrinta | hrint | hrinta | hrintar | hrint | |
| dative (þágufall) |
hrintum | hrintri | hrintu | hrintum | hrintum | hrintum | |
| genitive (eignarfall) |
hrints | hrintrar | hrints | hrintra | hrintra | hrintra | |
| weak declension (veik beyging) |
singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
| masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) |
masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
| nominative (nefnifall) |
hrinti | hrinta | hrinta | hrintu | hrintu | hrintu | |
| accusative (þolfall) |
hrinta | hrintu | hrinta | hrintu | hrintu | hrintu | |
| dative (þágufall) |
hrinta | hrintu | hrinta | hrintu | hrintu | hrintu | |
| genitive (eignarfall) |
hrinta | hrintu | hrinta | hrintu | hrintu | hrintu | |
Derived terms
- hrinda í framkvæmd (to put something into effect)
- hrinda af stað (to start, synonymous to koma af stað)
- hrinda árás (to repel an attack)
- hrinda frá sér vatni (to be water-repellent, to repel water)
Old Norse
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *hrindaną.
Verb
hrinda (singular past indicative hratt, plural past indicative hrundu, past participle hrundinn)
Conjugation
Conjugation of hrinda — active (strong class 3)
| infinitive | hrinda | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | hrindandi | |
| past participle | hrundinn | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hrind | hratt |
| 2nd-person singular | hrindr | hrazt |
| 3rd-person singular | hrindr | hratt |
| 1st-person plural | hrindum | hrundum |
| 2nd-person plural | hrindið | hrunduð |
| 3rd-person plural | hrinda | hrundu |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hrinda | hrynda |
| 2nd-person singular | hrindir | hryndir |
| 3rd-person singular | hrindi | hryndi |
| 1st-person plural | hrindim | hryndim |
| 2nd-person plural | hrindið | hryndið |
| 3rd-person plural | hrindi | hryndi |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | hritt | |
| 1st-person plural | hrindum | |
| 2nd-person plural | hrindið | |
Conjugation of hrinda — mediopassive (strong class 3)
| infinitive | hrindask | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | hrindandisk | |
| past participle | hrundizk | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hrindumk | hrundumk |
| 2nd-person singular | hrinzk | hrazk |
| 3rd-person singular | hrinzk | hrazk |
| 1st-person plural | hrindumsk | hrundumsk |
| 2nd-person plural | hrindizk | hrunduzk |
| 3rd-person plural | hrindask | hrundusk |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hrindumk | hryndumk |
| 2nd-person singular | hrindisk | hryndisk |
| 3rd-person singular | hrindisk | hryndisk |
| 1st-person plural | hrindimsk | hryndimsk |
| 2nd-person plural | hrindizk | hryndizk |
| 3rd-person plural | hrindisk | hryndisk |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | hrizk | |
| 1st-person plural | hrindumsk | |
| 2nd-person plural | hrindizk | |
Descendants
- Icelandic: hrinda
References
- “hrinda”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
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