haïr
See also: hair
French
Etymology
Inherited from Middle French haïr (“to hate”), from Old French hair (“to hate”) (compare Old French enhadir (“to become filled with hate”)), from Frankish *hattjan (“to hate”), from Proto-Germanic *hatjaną (“to hunt, rush, attack”), from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂d- (“strong emotion”). Akin to Old High German hezzen (“to hunt, pursue”), Old English hettan (“to pursue, persecute”), Old English hete (“hate, hatred”). More at hate, heinous.
Pronunciation
- (Europe) (aspirated h) IPA(key): /a.iʁ/
Audio (France, Paris) (file) - (Canada) (mute h) IPA(key): /a.iʁ/, /a.jiʁ/
- (Louisiana) IPA(key): /ha.ir/, /ha.jir/, /ha.hir/
- Rhymes: -iʁ
Usage notes
- In Standard French, the h of haïr is said to be aspiré (aspirate) and therefore shows that elisions of vowels and liaisons are not possible, i.e. “I hate you (sg.)” is je te hais, not je t’hais.
- In Canadian French, the past historic is used as the present tense for the first, second, and third person singular subject pronouns. Also, the "h" is not aspirated, therefore making elisions possible. For example: "I hate you" is "je t'haïs." Note that this usage is vernacular and not standard. Some Canadian French speakers may even say "je t'haguis", which is also nonstandard and considered even more informal/basilectal than "je t'haïs."
- In Louisiana, the "h" retains its pronunciation as the consonant /h/.
Conjugation
This verb is spelled as if conjugated like finir, but has a diaeresis throughout its conjugation (including where the circumflex would normally be used) except in the singular indicative present, whose forms are pronounced /ɛ/ in Standard French instead of /ai/, a pronunciation nonetheless often found in informal speech.
Conjugation of haïr (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | haïr | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | haïssant /a.i.sɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | haï /a.i/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | hais /ɛ/ |
hais /ɛ/ |
hait /ɛ/ |
haïssons /a.i.sɔ̃/ |
haïssez /a.i.se/ |
haïssent /a.is/ |
| imperfect | haïssais /a.i.sɛ/ |
haïssais /a.i.sɛ/ |
haïssait /a.i.sɛ/ |
haïssions /a.i.sjɔ̃/ |
haïssiez /a.i.sje/ |
haïssaient /a.i.sɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | haïs /a.i/ |
haïs /a.i/ |
haït /a.i/ |
haïmes /a.im/ |
haïtes /a.it/ |
haïrent /a.iʁ/ | |
| future | haïrai /a.i.ʁe/ |
haïras /a.i.ʁa/ |
haïra /a.i.ʁa/ |
haïrons /a.i.ʁɔ̃/ |
haïrez /a.i.ʁe/ |
haïront /a.i.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | haïrais /a.i.ʁɛ/ |
haïrais /a.i.ʁɛ/ |
haïrait /a.i.ʁɛ/ |
haïrions /a.i.ʁjɔ̃/ |
haïriez /a.i.ʁje/ |
haïraient /a.i.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | haïsse /a.is/ |
haïsses /a.is/ |
haïsse /a.is/ |
haïssions /a.i.sjɔ̃/ |
haïssiez /a.i.sje/ |
haïssent /a.is/ |
| imperfect2 | haïsse /a.is/ |
haïsses /a.is/ |
haït /a.i/ |
haïssions /a.i.sjɔ̃/ |
haïssiez /a.i.sje/ |
haïssent /a.is/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | hais /ɛ/ |
— | haïssons /a.i.sɔ̃/ |
haïssez /a.i.se/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “haïr”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Middle French
Old French
Usage notes
- Diaereses are used by some, but not all scholars, to show that two or more vowels do not constitute a diphthong or triphthong. See Appendix:Old French spellings for more information.
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