< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yāĺ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology 1

Cognate to Proto-Mongolic *na-sun (“age”) through inheritance or borrowing, itself perhaps from earlier *nal-sun. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*yāĺ

  1. age; year

Declension
Declension of *yāĺ
Singular 3)
Nominative *yāĺ
Accusative *yāĺnï, *yāĺïg 4), *yāĺnïg 1)
Genitive *yāĺnïŋ
Dative *yāĺka
Locative *yāĺta
Ablative *yāĺtan
Allative *yāĺgaru
Instrumental 2) *yāĺïn
Equative 2) *yāĺča
Similative 2) *yāĺlayu
Comitative 2) *yāĺlïgu
1) Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
4) Found in the Old Turkic era.

Derived terms
  • *yāĺ-a- (“to live”)
  • *yāĺ-lïg (“aged; old”)

Descendants
  • Oghur
    • Bulgar: جال (cāl)
  • Common Turkic: *yāš
  • Arghu
  • Oghuz
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid: يَشْ (yaš)
  • Kipchak
    • Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yaš)
    • Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (yaš)
    • West Kipchak
    • North Kipchak
    • South Kipchak
      • Caspian
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
  • Siberian
    • Old Turkic: 𐰖𐱁 (yaš)
      • Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)
    • North Siberian
    • South Siberian
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)
      • Yenisei Turkic

Etymology 2

Relation to above etymology is unclear.

EDAL separates the senses young and fresh by etymology, and compares them to Proto-Mongolic *jala-xu (“young”) and *nïla-xun (“raw”) respectively.

Nugteren also mentions *nïlka (“baby”) as a potential cognate.

Adjective

*yāĺ

  1. young, fresh, green, raw, moist

Noun

*yāĺ

  1. vegetable

Derived terms
  • *yāĺ-ïl (“green”)
  • *yāĺ-ar- (“to become green”)
  • *yāĺ-la- (“to graze”)

Descendants
  • Arghu
    • Khalaj: [script needed] (yāš)
  • Oghuz
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid: ياشْ (yāš)
      • Chagatai: [script needed] (yaš)
  • Kipchak
    • Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yaš)
    • Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
    • West Kipchak
    • North Kipchak
    • South Kipchak
      • Caspian
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
  • Siberian
    • Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰀𐰽 (yāš) (Irk Bitig)
      • Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)
    • South Siberian
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)
      • Sayan Turkic
      • Yenisei Turkic

Etymology 3

Very likely in some way related to Proto-Mongolic *nïlbu-sun (“tear”), (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?) however EDAL connects it to Proto-Mongolic *ni-dün (“eye”).

Noun

*yāĺ

  1. tear. teardrop

Derived terms
  • *yāĺ-lïg (“tearful, filled with tears”)
  • *yāĺ-ar- (“to become tearful”)

Descendants
  • Oghur
    • Chuvash: куҫ-ҫуль (kuś-śulʹ, literally “eye-tear”)
  • Common Turkic: *yāš
  • Arghu
  • Oghuz
  • Karluk:
  • Kipchak
  • Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (yaš)
    • Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (yaš)
    • North Kipchak
    • South Kipchak
      • Caspian
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
  • Siberian
    • Old Turkic: 𐰖𐱁 (yaš)
      • Old Uyghur: yʾš (yaš)
    • South Siberian
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (yas)
      • Sayan Turkic
      • Yenisei Turkic

Further reading
  • Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*nàjĺV”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ńi̯ṓĺe”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ńā́ĺba”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ni̯ā̀”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ya:ş”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 975
  • Sevortjan, E. V., Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 161
  • Doerfer, Gerhard (1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 21)‎ (in German), volume 4, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, page 97
  • Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 192
  • Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 685
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