< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/siŋir

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Possibly related to Proto-Mongolic *sindasun (“sinew”), whence also Mongolian шандас (šandas). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*siŋir

  1. sinew
    Synonym: *taram

Declension
Declension of *siŋir
Singular 3)
Nominative *siŋir
Accusative *siŋirni, *siŋirig 4), *siŋirnig 1)
Genitive *siŋirniŋ
Dative *siŋirke
Locative *siŋirte
Ablative *siŋirten
Allative *siŋirgerü
Instrumental 2) *siŋirin
Equative 2) *siŋirče
Similative 2) *siŋirleyü
Comitative 2) *siŋirligü
1) Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
4) Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants
  • Oghur:
    • Chuvash: шӑнӑр (šănăr)
  • Common Turkic:
  • Proto-Oghuz: *siŋir
    • West Oghuz:
      • Azerbaijani: sinir
      • Ottoman Turkish: سڭیر (siŋir), سݣر (siñir), سینیر (sinir)
        • Turkish: sinir
        • → Armenian: սինիր (sinir)
    • East Oghuz:
      • Turkmen: siňir
  • Karluk:
    • Karakhanid: سِنکِرْ (siŋir) [1]
  • Kipchak:
    • North Kipchak:
      • Bashkir: һеңер (heñer)
      • Tatar: сеңер (señer)
    • West Kipchak:
      • Crimean Tatar: siñir
      • Karachay-Balkar: сингир (siñir)
      • Kumyk: сингир (siñir)
    • South Kipchak:
      • Nogai: синъир (siñir)
      • Kazakh: сіңір (sıñır)
    • East Kipchak:
  • Siberian:

References
  1. al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume 3, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 362
  • Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 841
  • Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 423
  • Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*siŋir”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  • Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 264
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