< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic
Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kïs-
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This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Turkic
Etymology
Its relation to *kas- (“to squeeze, constrain”) is uncertain however Nişanyan considers them cognates.
Conjugation
Conjugation of *kïs- (Common Turkic)
Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.
| Positive | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | *kïsmak | |||||||
| participle | present | *kïsgan, kïsïgma, kïsar | ||||||
| past | *kïsduk, kïsmïš | |||||||
| future | *kïsdačï, kïsmakčï, kïssïk, kïsačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *kïsma, kïsïg, kïsgu | |||||||
| way of doing | *kïsïš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *kïsar ben | *kïsar sen | *kïsar | *kïsar biz | *kïsar siz | *kïsar | |
| past | simple | *kïsdïm | *kïsdïŋ | *kïsdï | *kïsdïk, kïsdïmïz | *kïsdïŋïz | *kïsdï | |
| inferential | *kïsmïš ben | *kïsmïš sen | *kïsmïš | *kïsmïš biz | *kïsmïš siz | *kïsmïš | ||
| future | simple | *kïsdačï ben, kïsmakčï ben, kïsačak ben | *kïsdačï sen, kïsmakčï sen, kïsačak sen | *kïsdačï, kïsmakčï, kïsačak | *kïsdačï biz, kïsmakčï biz, kïsačak biz | *kïsdačï siz, kïsmakčï siz, kïsačak siz | *kïsdačï, kïsmakčï, kïsačak | |
| predictive | *kïsgay ben | *kïsgay sen | *kïsgay | *kïsgay biz | *kïsgay siz | *kïsgay | ||
| necessitive | *kïssïkïm | *kïssïkïŋ | *kïssïk | *kïssïkïmïz | *kïssïkïŋïz | *kïssïk | ||
| conditional | *kïssam, kïssar ben | *kïssaŋ, kïssar sen | *kïssa, kïssar | *kïssak, kïssamïz, kïssar biz | *kïssaŋïz, kïssar siz | *kïssalar, kïssar | ||
| optative | *kïsgay ben | *kïsgay sen | *kïsgay | *kïsgay biz | *kïsgay siz | *kïsgay | ||
| progressive | *kïsmakda ben | *kïsmakda sen | *kïsmakda | *kïsmakda biz | *kïsmakda siz | *kïsmakda | ||
| necessitative | *kïsmalïg ben | *kïsmalïg sen | *kïsmalïg | *kïsmalïg biz | *kïsmalïg siz | *kïsmalïg | ||
| imperative | *kïsayïn | *kïs, kïsgïl | *kïszun | *kïsalïm | *kïsïŋ | *kïszun | ||
| Negative | ||||||||
| infinitive | *kïsmamak | |||||||
| participle | present | *kïsmagan, kïsmagma, kïsmaz | ||||||
| past | *kïsmaduk, kïsmamïš | |||||||
| future | *kïsmačï, kïsmasïk, kïsmayačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *kïsmama, kïsmag, kïsmagu | |||||||
| way of doing | *kïsmayïš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *kïsmaz ben | *kïsmaz sen | *kïsmaz | *kïsmaz biz | *kïsmaz siz | *kïsmaz | |
| past | simple | *kïsmadïm | *kïsmadïŋ | *kïsmadï | *kïsmadïk, kïsmadïmïz | *kïsmadïŋïz | *kïsmadï | |
| inferential | *kïsmamïš ben | *kïsmamïš sen | *kïsmamïš | *kïsmamïš biz | *kïsmamïš siz | *kïsmamïš | ||
| future | simple | *kïsmačï ben, kïsmayačak ben | *kïsmačï sen, kïsmayačak sen | *kïsmačï, kïsmayačak | *kïsmačï biz, kïsmayačak biz | *kïsmačï siz, kïsmayačak siz | *kïsmačï, kïsmayačak | |
| predictive | *kïsmagay ben | *kïsmagay sen | *kïsmagay | *kïsmagay biz | *kïsmagay siz | *kïsmagay | ||
| necessitive | *kïsmasïkïm | *kïsmasïkïŋ | *kïsmasïk | *kïsmasïkïmïz | *kïsmasïkïŋïz | *kïsmasïk | ||
| conditional | *kïsmasam, kïsmasar ben | *kïsmasaŋ, kïsmasar sen | *kïsmasa, kïsmasar | *kïsmasak, kïsmasamïz, kïsmasar biz | *kïsmasaŋïz, kïsmasar siz | *kïsmasalar, kïsmasar | ||
| optative | *kïsmagay ben | *kïsmagay sen | *kïsmagay | *kïsmagay biz | *kïsmagay siz | *kïsmagay | ||
| progressive | *kïsmamakda ben | *kïsmamakda sen | *kïsmamakda | *kïsmamakda biz | *kïsmamakda siz | *kïsmamakda | ||
| necessitative | *kïsmamalïg ben | *kïsmamalïg sen | *kïsmamalïg | *kïsmamalïg biz | *kïsmamalïg siz | *kïsmamalïg | ||
| imperative | *kïsmayayïn | *kïsma, kïsmagïl | *kïsmazun | *kïsmayalïm | *kïsmayïŋ | *kïsmazun | ||
Derived terms
- ⇒? *kïs-ïr
- ⇒ *kïs-ga
- ⇒ *kïs-uk
- ⇒ *kïs-ïg
- ⇒ *kïs-ïl
Descendants
- Oghur:
- Chuvash: хӗс (hĕs)
- → Proto-Mongolic: *kïsu- (“to constrain, make narrow, scrape”)[1][2]
- Common Turkic:
- Oghuz:
- Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (qïsmāq)[3]
- Kipchak:
- South Kipchak:
- Caspian:
- Kazakh: қысу (qysu)
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
- Kyrgyz: кысуу (kısuu)
- Southern Altai: кызар (kïzar)
- Caspian:
- South Kipchak:
References
- Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation), Utrecht: LOT, page 414
- Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2016) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 130
- al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume II, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 11
- Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 665-666
- Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume VI, Moscow: Indrik, page 251
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kısmak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 267
- Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kɨs-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
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